El servicio de terapia de pareja está diseñado para ayudarte a superar desafíos y conflictos en la relación, mejorar la comunicación y construir un vínculo más fuerte y saludable. Aquí, se ofrece un espacio seguro y confidencial para explorar preocupaciones y trabajar en soluciones constructivas juntos. ¿Cómo funciona? Paso 1: Separa el espacio de la cita. En nuestra página web, encontrarás un proceso sencillo para programar una cita. Esto garantiza que cada pareja tenga su propio tiempo y espacio dedicado para la terapia. Paso 2: Evaluación inicial. En la primera sesión, realizaremos una evaluación exhaustiva de la relación, incluyendo los desafíos actuales, las expectativas y las áreas de mejora. Esto nos ayuda a comprender mejor las necesidades únicas de cada pareja. Paso 3: Establecer objetivos. Trabajaremos en colaboración con la pareja para establecer objetivos claros y alcanzables para la terapia. Estos objetivos servirán como guía durante el proceso de tratamiento. Paso 4: Exploración y reflexión. A lo largo de las sesiones, exploraremos las dinámicas de la relación, identificando patrones de comportamiento y comunicación que puedan estar contribuyendo a los problemas. Fomentaremos la reflexión y la autoconciencia para promover el crecimiento personal y de pareja. Paso 5: Desarrollo de habilidades. Proporcionaremos herramientas y técnicas prácticas para mejorar la comunicación, resolver conflictos de manera constructiva y fortalecer la conexión emocional. ¿Por qué elegirnos? Experiencia y profesionalismo: Nuestro equipo está compuesto por psicólogos con experiencia y formación especializada en terapia de pareja. Nos comprometemos a brindar un servicio profesional y ético que se adapte a sus necesidades individuales y de relación. Enfoque personalizado: Reconocemos que cada pareja es única, por lo que adaptamos nuestras intervenciones terapéuticas para satisfacer sus necesidades específicas. Nuestro enfoque centrado en la pareja garantiza que reciban la atención y el apoyo que merecen en su viaje hacia la sanación y el crecimiento. Confidencialidad y respeto: Valoramos la confidencialidad y el respeto en todas nuestras interacciones. Pueden confiar en que su privacidad será protegida en todo momento, y nos esforzamos por crear un ambiente seguro y sin juicios donde puedan explorar libremente sus preocupaciones y emociones.

En el servicio de psicoterapia individual, encontrarás un espacio completamente seguro y confidencial, diseñado especialmente para que explores y comprendas a fondo tus pensamientos, emociones y comportamientos. Aquí, el enfoque está en trabajar contigo de manera cercana para desarrollar estrategias personalizadas y efectivas. Estas estrategias te ayudarán a enfrentar y superar cualquier desafío emocional y psicológico que estés atravesando, brindándote el apoyo necesario para avanzar con confianza hacia el bienestar. ¿Cómo funciona? Paso 1: Reserva tu sesión. Empieza por reservar tu espacio de 50 minutos. Puedes hacerlo a través de nuestra página web o por Whatsapp. Paso 2: Evaluación inicial. En tu primera sesión, realizaremos una evaluación inicial para comprender tu situación actual, tus necesidades y tus objetivos terapéuticos. Este paso es crucial para adaptar el enfoque terapéutico a tus necesidades específicas. Paso 3: Sesiones de terapia. Asiste a tus sesiones de terapia programadas regularmente. Durante estas sesiones, exploraremos tus pensamientos, emociones y comportamientos, y trabajaremos en las estrategias para abordar tus desafíos. Cada sesión es un espacio seguro y confidencial para ti. Paso 4: Apoyo y recursos adicionales. Te proporcionaremos materiales adicionales que puedan apoyar tu proceso terapéutico, como lecturas recomendadas, podcast, elementos artísticos, cuentos, películas ejercicios prácticos y recursos en línea. Queremos asegurarnos de que tengas todas las herramientas necesarias para tu bienestar. ¿Por qué elegirnos? Evaluación inicial: Comenzamos con una evaluación integral para entender tu situación, tus necesidades y tus objetivos terapéuticos. Enfoque personalizado: Adaptamos nuestras técnicas y enfoques terapéuticos a tus necesidades específicas. Utilizamos una variedad de enfoques basados en la evidencia, como la terapia cognitivo-conductual, la terapia humanista, y la terapia psicodinámica, entre otras. Confidencialidad: Garantizamos la máxima confidencialidad y respeto por tu privacidad. Crecimiento personal: Trabajamos contigo para fomentar tu autoconocimiento, mejorar tus habilidades de afrontamiento y promover un crecimiento personal significativo. Apoyo continuo: Te ofrecemos un acompañamiento constante durante todo el proceso terapéutico, ajustando las intervenciones según sea necesario para ayudarte a alcanzar tus objetivos.

La evaluación neuropsicológica es un servicio especializado que te permite obtener una comprensión detallada de las funciones cerebrales y cognitivas. Durante una sesión de dos horas, se realiza una serie de pruebas y actividades para evaluar áreas como la memoria, la atención, la función ejecutiva y otras habilidades cognitivas. Este enfoque se basa en la precisión y la objetividad, utilizando herramientas validadas para obtener resultados confiables. Un profesional en neuropsicología te guiará a lo largo del proceso, asegurándose de que te sientas cómodo y comprendas cada etapa de la evaluación. ¿Cómo funciona? Paso 1: Reserva tu espacio. Empieza por reservar tu espacio de 2 horas. El precio es de tan solo 60 dólares estadounidenses, una inversión que te brindará el conocimiento que necesitas. Paso 2: Evaluación cognitiva. Utilizaremos una variedad de pruebas estandarizadas para evaluar diferentes áreas cognitivas, como la memoria, la atención, la percepción visual y la función ejecutiva. Esto nos proporcionará una visión completa de tu funcionamiento cerebral. Paso 3: Análisis y retroalimentación. Una vez completadas las evaluaciones, analizaremos los resultados de manera exhaustiva y te proporcionaremos una retroalimentación clara y comprensible sobre tus fortalezas, debilidades y áreas de mejora potencial. Paso 4: Plan de intervención. Basándonos en los resultados de la evaluación y tus objetivos personales, colaboraremos contigo para desarrollar un plan de intervención individualizado que pueda incluir recomendaciones de tratamiento, estrategias de manejo y recursos de apoyo. ¿Por qué elegirnos? Enfoque integral: Nuestro servicio aborda una amplia gama de funciones neuropsicológicas, brindando una visión completa de la salud cerebral. Profesionales expertos: Contamos con un equipo de psicólogos altamente calificados y especializados en Neuropsicología Clínica. Resultados precisos: Utilizamos herramientas y métodos validados científicamente para garantizar resultados precisos y confiables. Adaptabilidad: Personalizamos nuestras evaluaciones para satisfacer las necesidades específicas de cada individuo, garantizando un enfoque personalizado.

In the coming decades, a significant increase in the population over 60 years of age is expected, which will lead to a rise in non-communicable chronic diseases, such as dementias. Among these, frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are the most prominent, affecting memory, thinking, and daily activities. Frontotemporal dementia, which presents in behavioral and linguistic variants, affects people aged 40 to 60, causing atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes. This impacts executive functions, language, and memory, and manifests in symptoms such as behavioral changes and movement problems. These diagnostic challenges create a substantial economic and social impact. Neuropsychological rehabilitation can improve executive function performance, preserve cognitive abilities, and reduce behavioral and emotional symptoms, benefiting the quality of life for patients and their families. However, the lack of specific interventions and insufficient research has limited progress in this field. Therefore, it is essential to develop innovative treatments to adequately address this pathology. Course Objectives Understand what frontotemporal dementia and its variants are : Learn what frontotemporal dementia is, its different types (behavioral and linguistic), and how they affect behavior and cognitive abilities. Learn about the function and structure of the frontal lobe and its circuits : Study the function of the frontal lobe and related neural circuits, and how their alteration impacts patients with frontotemporal dementia. Understand the neuropsychological profile of individuals with the Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia : Identify the specific characteristics of the neuropsychological profile in patients with the behavioral variant, including changes in behavior and cognitive abilities. Comprehend the neurophysiopathological substrate of the Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia : Examine the biological and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the behavioral variant of this dementia to better understand its effects on the brain. Learn how the Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia is diagnosed : Understand the criteria and methods used to diagnose this specific variant of dementia, including tests and clinical evaluations. Develop a rehabilitation plan for patients with the Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia aimed at improving their functionality : Propose a possible rehabilitation plan tailored to improve the functionality and quality of life of patients with the behavioral variant, considering their specific needs and the impact of the disease. Underdiagnosed Dementia: Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Neuropsychological rehabilitation is a fundamental therapeutic process in the treatment of individuals who have suffered brain damage due to injuries, neurological diseases, or neurodegenerative disorders. This specialized approach seeks to restore or compensate for the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions affected by these conditions, thereby improving the patient's quality of life. Over the years, neuropsychological rehabilitation has evolved significantly, incorporating techniques based on neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to reorganize and adapt after injury. This advancement has allowed mental health professionals to design increasingly effective and personalized treatments, adapting to the individual needs of each patient. The multidisciplinary approach, which includes collaboration between neuropsychologists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, and other specialists, is essential for addressing the various areas affected by neurological damage. This teamwork not only facilitates the recovery of cognitive skills such as memory, attention, and executive functions but also addresses emotional and behavioral aspects, which are crucial for successful reintegration into daily life. The importance of neuropsychological rehabilitation lies in its ability to offer a second chance to those whose brain functions have been compromised, facilitating a recovery that, although partial in many cases, represents a significant change in the individual’s autonomy and well-being. The Essentials Fundamental Principles of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Neuropsychological rehabilitation is based on the concept of neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to reorganize and form new neural connections in response to injury or illness. This principle is essential, as it allows the treatment to be directed at improving or compensating for the affected cognitive functions. Key Benefits for Patients Neuropsychological rehabilitation offers multiple benefits, including improvements in memory, attention, and executive functions. These advances not only impact the patient's cognitive abilities but also improve their emotional well-being and their ability to perform daily activities independently. Recent Advances in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Technological advances, such as the integration of virtual reality and the use of mobile applications, have revolutionized neuropsychological rehabilitation. These tools allow for the development of more dynamic and personalized rehabilitation programs, improving treatment adherence and long-term outcomes. Frequently Asked Questions What disorders can be treated with neuropsychological rehabilitation? Neuropsychological rehabilitation is effective in treating a wide range of neurological disorders, including strokes, traumatic brain injuries, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, and neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. How long does it take to see significant results? The duration of treatment and the time required to observe significant results vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, as well as the individual characteristics of the patient. Generally, patients may begin to notice improvements within the first few weeks or months of treatment, although neuropsychological rehabilitation often requires a long-term commitment to maximize benefits. What role does the family play in the rehabilitation process? Family involvement is crucial in the neuropsychological rehabilitation process. Family members not only provide emotional support to the patient but are also essential in implementing rehabilitation strategies at home, which contributes to the success of the treatment. What is the average cost of neuropsychological rehabilitation treatment? The cost of neuropsychological rehabilitation can vary significantly depending on the duration of the treatment, the complexity of the case, and the type of intervention required. It is important for patients and their families to discuss financial aspects with healthcare professionals to get a clear understanding of the costs involved and explore options for financing or insurance coverage. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation and Its Approaches Mg. Juliana Eljach explains that neuropsychological rehabilitation is based on three fundamental approaches: restoration, substitution, and compensation. Restoration aims to rehabilitate affected functions through direct exercises. Substitution involves the use of preserved functions to replace those that are impaired. Compensation utilizes external resources and environmental adjustments to overcome cognitive deficits. Techniques and Methods in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Neuropsychological rehabilitation employs a variety of techniques and methods to address the various cognitive and emotional areas affected by neurological injuries or diseases. These interventions are designed to improve cognitive functions, promote emotional adaptation, and strengthen behavioral skills, facilitating the patient's reintegration into daily life. Evidence-Based Interventions The use of evidence-based interventions is fundamental in neuropsychological rehabilitation. These techniques are developed and applied based on scientific research that demonstrates their efficacy. Among the most common are cognitive training programs, which aim to improve specific functions such as memory, attention, and executive functions using structured and repetitive exercises that stimulate the brain. Cognitive Methods: Attention, Memory, Executive Functions Cognitive methods are a cornerstone of neuropsychological rehabilitation. They focus on the restoration and compensation of key cognitive functions: Attention: Sustained and divided attention exercises, as well as time management techniques, help patients improve their ability to focus and maintain attention on complex tasks. Memory: Memory training includes association techniques, repetition, and the use of external aids such as journals and electronic reminders to enhance information retention and recall. Executive Functions: Interventions aimed at strengthening executive functions, such as planning, reasoning, and decision-making, are essential in helping patients develop strategies to solve problems and adapt to new situations. Behavioral and Emotional Therapies In addition to cognitive methods, behavioral and emotional therapies play a crucial role in neuropsychological rehabilitation. These interventions seek to address emotional and behavioral changes that may result from a brain injury or neurological disease. Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are used to treat symptoms of depression, anxiety, and other emotional disorders that often accompany cognitive deficits. Use of Technology in Rehabilitation Technological advancements have enabled the development of innovative tools in neuropsychological rehabilitation. Virtual reality, for example, is used to create simulated environments where patients can practice specific skills in a controlled and safe setting. Mobile applications and cognitive training software also allow patients to perform rehabilitation exercises at home, facilitating treatment continuity and progress tracking. Conclusion Neuropsychological rehabilitation has established itself as an essential tool in treating cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits resulting from various neurological conditions. Through evidence-based techniques and a multidisciplinary approach, this intervention enables patients to recover, as much as possible, their lost or impaired abilities, significantly improving their quality of life. Technological advancements, such as virtual reality and mobile applications, have enhanced the effectiveness of these interventions, providing new opportunities for personalized and accessible treatment. However, despite significant advances, neuropsychological rehabilitation continues to face challenges, particularly in terms of accessibility and adaptation to the individual needs of each patient. Continuous commitment to research and the development of new techniques is crucial to overcoming these barriers and ensuring that more people can benefit from these treatments. For mental health professionals, staying updated in this field is vital to offering effective and evidence-based interventions. Here’s the video from the course: Course material access link: https://cursodepsicologia.com/courses/demencia-subdiagnosticada-consideraciones-clinicas/ You can find all these resources at www.mentaltestlab.com .

The loss of a sibling creates a radical change in a person's life, regardless of their age. The special bond and complicity built over the years, whether many or few, are abruptly and painfully severed (González Núñez, 2024). In the specific case of children, even when they are young, they face not only the emotional void left by the loss of their sibling but also the reality of seeing their parents completely devastated and unable to support them due to the immense pain of losing a child. According to González Núñez (2024), children must cope not only with their sibling's absence but also with the physical emptiness of a room they once shared, the games they used to enjoy together, and the free time they spent as partners in fun and entertainment, which further intensifies their sense of loneliness and loss. Children’s Reactions to the Death of a Sibling How a child reacts to the loss of a loved one is a personal experience (González Núñez, 2024). While some express their sadness quietly and reservedly, others may exhibit challenging and uncontrolled behaviors. Often, children observe and are influenced by the reactions of other family members, especially their parents’ emotional responses. According to González Núñez (2024), each child’s response also varies depending on their developmental stage, as each one has different defense mechanisms and skills to handle the void left by a sibling’s death. A child's response to this situation may largely depend on the nature of their relationship with their sibling, their individual characteristics, the reasons behind the death, their age, and other relevant factors (González Núñez, 2024). It is important to note that for some children, losing a sibling can be as difficult as losing a parent, and sometimes even more so. This is due to the strong bonds that typically unite siblings—bonds that are extremely special. Siblings not only share adventures, mischief, and experiences throughout life but often also share the same physical space, such as a room. Thus, according to González Núñez (2024), the sense of emptiness a child may feel after losing a sibling is extremely deep and hard to manage. The Emotional Weight of Losing a Sibling The experience of losing a sibling often reactivates old guilt that the child may have accumulated over time (Sánchez, 2022). Although siblings respect each other, they often go through conflicts more than once. Each child’s personal identity is largely shaped through contrasts and comparisons with their siblings. There may have been moments of distance or episodes of tension in that process, but despite all conflicts and differences, siblings often build strong and indestructible bonds. Therefore, according to Sánchez (2022), when a sibling dies, a child may experience a certain desire to torment themselves over past events, such as not sharing a toy. On the other hand, when dealing with the death of a child, it is crucial for parents not to neglect the surviving children, as they are also going through a time of profound grief (González Núñez, 2024). Despite the emotional devastation in such a painful situation, children need attention, understanding, and comfort. According to González Núñez (2024), now more than ever, the family must stay united to face the painful loss and provide mutual support. Facing the Taboo of Death In various societies and cultures, death remains a taboo topic (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). However, it is undeniable that everyone will eventually face this experience, either directly or through the loss of loved ones. Death generates distress, an unquestionable reality, but what increases that feeling is the lack of certainties and the fact that it is covered by a veil. This covering allows fantasies to flourish, causing even more fears and questions. Some of the questions that arise include whether it is really as frightening as to make people unwilling to talk about it or whether everyone suffers at the moment of death. Specifically, according to Seppi Vinuales (2023), when it comes to children, it is crucial not to underestimate the emotions they experience regarding death while also providing information appropriate to their developmental level and understanding. How Children Understand Death According to Their Age Children’s understanding of death becomes increasingly complex as they go through different stages of growth (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). Seppi Vinuales (2023) mentions that while this understanding is influenced by multiple factors, such as personal experiences and social and cultural factors, knowing what kinds of thoughts and concepts are expected at different ages can be a useful tool for addressing this topic appropriately. From birth to around 2 years old, children do not yet develop a formal concept of death as such; however, from about 6 to 8 months of age, they can perceive the absence of a person, although they do not yet understand what death itself means (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). According to Seppi Vinuales (2023), as the child approaches 2 years old and makes significant advances in areas such as socialization, language development, and increased autonomy, they become more aware that the important person will not return, reinforcing the idea of loss and giving it greater meaning in their daily life. In the age group from 3 to 6 years, children often view death as a temporary and reversible phenomenon, reflected in their belief that the caregivers in their lives will not die (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). According to Seppi Vinuales (2023), this inability to fully grasp the concept of death naturally leads them to ask questions like whether their deceased grandfather can still hear them. Finally, between the ages of 6 and 10, children begin to think about death in more concrete terms, such as biological implications, understanding that, for example, the process of dying involves stopping breathing (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). Additionally, according to Seppi Vinuales (2023), at this age, they are able to understand that death is a universal and irreversible phenomenon and begin to show increased interest in the rituals associated with death and saying goodbye to loved ones. Advice for Telling a Child That Their Sibling Has Died Death is an experience that causes distress, but the beliefs or fantasies that often arise around it can be equally distressing (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). For this reason, as Seppi Vinuales (2023) suggests, it is most appropriate to explore what children are experiencing and support them appropriately through this process. Allow Space to Discuss the Topic Just as with other topics, it is recommended that adults take on the role of guiding, always providing accurate and reliable information (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). This approach, based on the concerns of the person asking the question, also allows for regulating the type of information offered. This is even more important when it comes to the death of a sibling, as hiding the situation is not a viable option. The topic should not be avoided or minimized. Open dialogue and the grieving process are essential for the proper emotional management of children. For instance, if a child expresses concern about why their sibling is still in the hospital and not coming back, it is logical to provide true information, adjusted to their level of understanding and stage of development. According to Seppi Vinuales (2023), phrases like "keep playing, don’t worry about it," or trying to make it seem like nothing is happening should be avoided. Respond to Their Concerns When communicating with a child about their sibling’s death, it is crucial to listen attentively and actively to aspects that might interest them (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). For example, the child might want to know if their sibling suffered during the process or if death itself is painful. Alternatively, they might be worried that the cause of death was due to frequent fights or because they hid their toys. This means that, depending on the child’s age, their concerns will be more concrete and less symbolic. From an adult perspective, some questions might seem like a sign of not taking the matter seriously, but this is not the case. Such questions reflect the meanings and constructions of the child’s world. Instead of judging, Seppi Vinuales (2023) suggests that the adult’s role should be to provide calm and relieve any possible feelings of guilt. Explain Death Using Situations and Experiences They Can Relate To The way a child is told about their sibling’s death should be adapted to their previous experiences that allow them to better understand the situation (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). An example of how to explain this process is through a nearby experience, such as the death of a pet. You might say something like: "Do you remember when your pet died? You felt bad, it was painful, and you were sad. But sometimes, you remember playing with them and it makes you happy, even though you might still feel sad sometimes. But you always keep them in your heart, and that makes them close to you." This way, not only is the absence of death explained, but also how emotions can vary over time. Similarly, in line with Seppi Vinuales (2023), this approach provides a sense of comfort by knowing that the deceased person remains present in the heart and memories. Children Have Their Own Theory About Death It has been observed that children, even if they haven’t asked explicit questions about it, develop their own perception of death as this concept is part of their universe (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). This can be seen in their play activities, where they often depict situations in which they or fictional characters die or cause the death of others. Consequently, according to Seppi Vinuales (2023), it is not alarming for children to feel curiosity or talk about death, as it is a natural and universal phenomenon that must be accepted naturally. What makes a difference in how children face this topic is the emotional support provided during the grieving process (Seppi Vinuales, 2023). This support not only comes from parents but should also be extended from educational institutions. It is crucial to understand that informing a child about their sibling’s death is not the same as helping them process this information on a practical level. Children need not only to receive a certain amount of information but also to understand the underlying reality, a process that comes with an emotional burden. In this context, it is important to recognize that after the loss, children may regress in their previously achieved milestones. Behaviors such as needing to sleep with the light on or requesting the presence of their caregivers at bedtime may arise. In these cases, Seppi Vinuales (2023) suggests that the key lies in constant presence and emotional support, avoiding leaving them alone at such a crucial time. Tips for Supporting a Child After the Loss of a Sibling Returning to school can be challenging for a child due to the different treatment they might receive from peers and teachers (González Núñez, 2024). It is crucial to prepare the child to handle uncomfortable questions that might arise at school and explain that any comments they receive are not made with bad intentions, but that their peers and teachers care about them. The grieving process following the death of a sibling must be carefully supported by the family. Children may feel very confused and disoriented, as they do not understand the meaning of death and may fear their parents’, grandparents’, or uncles’ emotional reactions. Death represents a new and unknown experience for them. According to González Núñez (2024), grieving children seek answers and security from their parents, who, in the face of losing a child, may feel overwhelmed and unable to provide the necessary answers. Communication with the Child It is essential to be available at all times when the child needs to talk (González Núñez, 2024). Questions should be answered whenever a suitable response is available; otherwise, there is no need to worry. Similarly, according to González Núñez (2024), the child should not be forced to speak if they are not willing. Honesty in Explanation Depending on the child’s age, it is important to clearly communicate what has happened to their sibling (González Núñez, 2024). Phrases like “they are sleeping” or “they went on a trip to heaven” should be avoided, as such expressions may cause fear in the child, worrying that something similar might happen to other loved ones when they sleep or are away. According to González Núñez (2024), it is necessary to explain death to the child clearly, giving them the opportunity to ask all the questions they need. Maintaining Routine It is essential to avoid excessive overprotectiveness of the surviving child due to fear of potential incidents (González Núñez, 2024). The child should continue with their school routine, as well as their usual activities and meal times. According to González Núñez (2024), maintaining this routine will provide a sense of security and stability during a period of uncertainty. Patience with Repeated Questions The child may repeatedly ask questions about their sibling’s death (González Núñez, 2024). It is important to be patient with these concerns, explaining what happened without fearing to admit that there are questions for which there is no answer. According to González Núñez (2024), the absence of the sibling may be overwhelming, but over time the child will process the grief. Managing Intense Emotions It is recommended to reserve the most intense emotional reactions for private moments (González Núñez, 2024). However, there should be no fear in showing pain in front of the child, as it is crucial for them to understand that feeling sad about a loss is not negative. The loss of a sibling is particularly difficult for a child, so it is important to support them through their process of saying goodbye (González Núñez, 2024). For greater understanding and support during these processes, the guide "An Important Person Is No Longer Around" can be very helpful. This resource offers practical guidance on addressing loss and grief in children, assisting parents in managing these situations with sensitivity. References González Núñez, P. (2024). Cómo Afronta un Niño la Pérdida de un Hermano . Eres Mamá. https://eresmama.com/afronta-nino-la-perdida-hermano/ Sánchez, E. (2022, mayo 10). La Pérdida de un Hermano: el Duelo Fraternal . La Mente es Maravillosa. https://lamenteesmaravillosa.com/perdida-hermano-duelo-fraternal/ Seppi Vinuales, M. F. (2023, junio 3). Cómo Decirle a un Niño que su Hermano Murió . Mejor con Salud. https://mejorconsalud.as.com/decirle-nino-hermano-murio/

When abusive parents pass away, it is common to experience mixed emotions (Sabater, 2021). Many people may be surprised to feel pain in such a situation. So many emotions converge that it is common to fall into a state that is difficult to clarify, compounded by the additional factor of not knowing how to act in this situation. In fact, it is not unusual for some people to find themselves in a situation where others say things like: "From what you've told me about your father/mother, I think you must feel relieved knowing they're gone." However, beyond the inappropriate nature of this statement, not everyone feels only relief; in reality, the loss of an abuser or someone who denied them the right to receive healthy and enriching love can reopen many past wounds that have not yet healed. Therefore, according to Sabater (2021), these situations can be more traumatic than they appear. Suffering Does Not End with Death When abusive parents pass away, for some, it seems that everything is resolved (Sabater, 2021). Death, being the physical absence of someone, is perceived as the tangible loss of a figure, and therefore, it is assumed that everything is settled. However, when the deceased is someone who caused suffering, many things remain and sometimes even reactivate. In fact, the death of a family member who inflicted suffering tends to reopen old wounds. Research, such as that conducted at the Queen's Children's Psychiatric Center in New York, reveals that physical or psychological abuse causes a rupture in identity and leaves a mark of anger in the person, as well as a constant doubt about why their caregiver acted that way towards them. These sequelae persist into adulthood and reopen with the loss of that parent. Therefore, in line with Sabater (2021), instead of experiencing relief from the situation, it is more common to feel pain. Emotions After the Abuser's Death Given that contemporary society tends to minimize topics related to death and mourning, considering them largely as issues to be forgotten, silenced, ignored, rejected, or hidden, it becomes even more challenging to achieve social validation and acceptance of the emotions experienced by a victim of abuse in response to the death of their abuser (Arrabales Moreno, 2020). This difficulty increases when the abuse itself is a situation often silenced, denied, and hidden. When the abuser is a family member, as occurs in 10% of children estimated to be victims of physical abuse in Spain, social norms seem to demand that the victim, who simultaneously becomes the mourner, experiences sadness and deep pain over the loss of their family. However, according to Arrabales Moreno (2020), in these circumstances, feeling relief or even joy should not be considered a pathological response. Fear and Anxiety Victims may wonder if the disappearance is real or if it is a manipulation tactic, which could cause them a fear that prevents them from feeling safe (Dandelion Bereavement Support, 2022). Additionally, they might question how things will develop now that the abuser, who always gave orders, is no longer there. For those who could not leave the house, death could imply the possibility of doing so freely, but fear may also accompany this new freedom. The expectation of possible repercussions may not fade simply because the person has died. In cases where financial abuse was involved, the survivor might face economic difficulties now that the "provider" is gone, generating anxiety about the future. In such situations, according to Dandelion Bereavement Support (2022), it is likely that they are unaware of their current financial state, especially if the abuser incurred debts in their name and had access to bank accounts. Depression Feelings of depression, which may or may not amount to clinical depression, are a common experience in both the context of grief and following domestic abuse, so they are likely to manifest when both factors are present (Dandelion Bereavement Support, 2022). According to Dandelion Bereavement Support (2022), the individual who has survived these experiences has faced significant trauma, and the feelings of depression they experience are a natural reaction to such circumstances. Guilt There are numerous reasons why the survivor may experience feelings of guilt after a death (Dandelion Bereavement Support, 2022). Self-blame related to the situation is highly common after having suffered domestic abuse, even in the absence of a death. In some cases, the person may feel guilty for experiencing relief upon hearing the news of the death or for having wished for the death as a way to escape the threat without facing the danger of leaving. Additionally, according to Dandelion Bereavement Support (2022), it may occur that the abuser committed suicide as a reaction to being abandoned or brought to justice, which can further intensify feelings of guilt. Loneliness It is common for abusers to isolate people, as this isolation makes them more vulnerable and easier to control (Dandelion Bereavement Support, 2022). Death may have left the survivor in a situation of loneliness, with no one to share their grief with. Even with an extensive support network of friends and family, the survivor is likely to still feel alone in their grief. Because domestic abuse is an extremely complex process, it is difficult for outside observers to understand how it is possible to continue loving or depending on someone who has had such a negative impact on the individual's life. For this reason, according to Dandelion Bereavement Support (2022), survivors often feel deeply alone in their grief, as those around them are unlikely to fully understand their situation. Shame People may experience loneliness in their suffering caused by an abuser and, at the same time, feel deep shame for these feelings and for the persistent control that person still exerts over them (Dandelion Bereavement Support, 2022). Additionally, in line with Dandelion Bereavement Support (2022), it is likely that their self-esteem has been so eroded by the abuser that shame becomes a frequent emotional reaction to any event in their lives. Helplessness Abusers often exert total control over their victims' lives, which can lead to survivors feeling completely helpless when they die (Dandelion Bereavement Support, 2022). When these individuals are no longer accustomed to making decisions for themselves or enjoying the freedom to leave at will, the sudden change that allows them to do these things can be disorienting and overwhelming. Consequently, according to Dandelion Bereavement Support (2022), they may not know what steps to take next. Relief It is natural that when a terrible situation ends, those who have lived through it experience a sense of relief (Dandelion Bereavement Support, 2022). This relief may manifest in various ways, such as the survivor no longer having to face the danger of trying to separate from the abuser, or no longer living in fear of possible repercussions for ending the relationship. Additionally, according to Dandelion Bereavement Support (2022), relief can also come from the finality of the situation, as now that it has ended, those involved can no longer be manipulated into that horrible experience again. Disbelief It is common for survivors not to truly believe that the abuser is gone; the situation may not feel real to them, and therefore, they may not immediately feel safe (Dandelion Bereavement Support, 2022). Sometimes, according to Dandelion Bereavement Support (2022), they may need to see the abuser's body or attend the funeral to fully accept the reality in which they are safe. Anger There are numerous reasons why a survivor might experience anger during the grieving process (Dandelion Bereavement Support, 2022). One reason could be frustration at seeing others mourning the abuser. Another possible reason is anger at the fact that the abuser died before being brought to justice, thus avoiding facing the consequences of their actions. Furthermore, death may provide the emotional space needed to begin processing the abuse and channeling anger related to the situation. It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list of the feelings that a survivor of domestic violence may experience following the death of an abuser. However, according to Dandelion Bereavement Support (2022), it is crucial to recognize that any emotion that arises is understandable and represents a natural reaction to such complex circumstances. Persistent Pain After the Death of the Abuser An abusive father or a narcissistic or unaffectionate mother essentially steals childhoods (Sabater, 2021). It is common that when abusive caregivers die, the person experiences sorrow for everything they lived through. This person feels pain for what could have been and was not, for a disrupted existence, a broken childhood, and many shattered dreams due to those experiences (Sabater, 2021). Abuse in the family context involves multiple dilemmas for the victim, including the conflict related to one person acting as both caregiver and abuser simultaneously (Arrabales Moreno, 2020). Additionally, in line with Arrabales Moreno (2020), in families where sexual abuse occurs, dynamics centered on isolation, shame, and secrecy develop, leading to emotional, social, and behavioral problems in the victims. These problems, far from disappearing with the abuser's death, intensify when the victim and other family members attempt to build a new identity in a family system lacking healthy dynamics (Arrabales Moreno, 2020). In a sense, the abuse seems to persist even after the abuser's death. From an attachment theory perspective, according to Arrabales Moreno (2020), when the abuser is a caregiver, the victim is likely to develop a disorganized attachment style, which also complicates identifying their own emotions and forming healthy intimate bonds that support the grieving process. Complicated Grief Due to Abuse and Mistreatment Given the high incidence of child sexual abuse and physical mistreatment within families, it is common for a grieving process to become complicated when the deceased is the abuser of the bereaved (Arrabales Moreno, 2020). The traumatic experiences resulting from mistreatment can place the victim in a more compromised position to face grief, which is often mistakenly considered atypical. In this context, multiple risk factors are present since the relationship was, at the very least, ambivalent; the mistreatment causes psychological trauma, and furthermore, social norms do not provide the necessary support. Other risk factors, such as low self-esteem or lack of support from the family environment, are often associated with the victim’s condition, which frequently manifests as caregiver neglect and/or family system disruption. According to Arrabales Moreno (2020), the victim possesses defense mechanisms that are already developed and established in their mental functioning, such as repression, denial, or dissociation. The Incessant Doubt After the Death of Abusive Parents When abusive parents die, the persistent doubt of why they acted that way resurfaces in the victims’ minds (Sabater, 2021). In some cases, children are forced to care for their parents in their final moments. Often, there is hope that during these final moments, the parent might offer an explanation for their actions or even express an apology. However, according to Sabater (2021), this hope is not always fulfilled, leading to a new form of pain. How to Face the Loss of Traumatic Figures To address the question of what to do when abusive parents pass away, it is crucial to understand that each individual handles this situation uniquely. Some people have decided to completely cut ties with the parental figure who caused them trauma, while others have chosen to maintain the relationship despite past problems. In general, according to Sabater (2021), it is advisable to reflect on these different realities and consider them in order to manage the situation appropriately. To Attend or Not to Attend the Funeral? Funerals can be considered, to some extent, as rituals intended primarily for the living rather than the dead (Sabater, 2021). There are various ways to say goodbye to someone, as long as it is desired. In this context, the most important thing is not to be influenced by external pressure or that of other family members. According to Sabater (2021), the decision to attend or not attend a funeral belongs solely to the individual, and this choice should be made by evaluating which option will provide the most comfort in closing that chapter. Acknowledge Every Emotion and Feeling It is not helpful to tell oneself phrases like "they are gone, now it’s over" (Sabater, 2021). Accepting or integrating this idea may cause more harm than good. It is crucial for the person to go through the stages of grief, and for that, it is essential to acknowledge and recognize every emotion they experience. It is entirely normal to feel anger, especially when reliving past anger associated with each lived event. Similarly, it is completely valid to feel pity for the loss of a parent. According to Sabater (2021), every emotion is valid, every sensation is correct, and it is appropriate to go through them, allowing them to be expressed and released. Deactivate Unhelpful Thoughts Many people who have experienced some form of abuse tend to hold onto unhelpful and even harmful thoughts (Sabater, 2021). Mourners often think things like, "Maybe if I had done this, that wouldn’t have happened," or "I should have said this to make that happen." According to Sabater (2021), this type of thinking is not beneficial; in fact, what it does is intensify the pain associated with the original wound over the long term. A Personal Closure to Grief When abusive parents die, it is necessary to go through a grieving process and close that chapter (Sabater, 2021). This process is personal and complex, during which it is essential for the person to rely on close individuals, heal the memories that resurface with the loss, and somehow rebuild themselves to begin a new phase. Additionally, as noted by Sabater (2021), it is important not to forget to seek professional help if deemed necessary. References Arrabales Moreno, R. (2020). El Proceso de Duelo Cuando el Fallecido es el Maltratador . Psicobotica.com . https://www.psicobotica.com/2020/07/19/el-proceso-de-duelo-cuando-el-fallecido-es-el-maltratador/ Dandelion Bereavement Support. (2022). Complicated Grief - Grieving the Death of an Abuser . Counselling Directory. https://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/memberarticles/complicated-grief-grieving-the-death-of-an-abuser Sabater, V. (2021, febrero 25). Cuando los Padres Maltratadores Fallecen, ¿Cómo es el Duelo?  La Mente es Maravillosa. https://lamenteesmaravillosa.com/cuando-los-padres-maltratadores-fallecen-como-es-el-duelo/

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