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Human nature drives the construction of affective relationships (Colminas, n.d.), which are characterized by the emotional exchange that manifests itself among the individuals that make them up, once the bond is established (Zurita, 2018). In correspondence with Zurita (2018), the intensity of this exchange is the most determinant component for the depth of affective relationships, although other characteristics also influence. Death as a Natural Process The acceptance of death as a natural and normal process in life is an attitude that only very few people adopt, who probably enjoy greater happiness (Guerri, 2021). The reason for this is that death represents an unknown step in human existence and only those who have lived a near-death experience can affirm that it is a pleasant feeling. Thus, these people who once came close to perishing, share the same perception of a pleasant sensation (Guerri, 2021). However, according to Viéitez (2012), this does not eliminate the fact that death is, undoubtedly, the most important and difficult event to face in human life. Grief in the Death Process The death of a close friend or relative is one of the biggest challenges that human life can present (American Psychological Association, 2012). This implies facing a flood of painful feelings and thoughts that require time and adaptation to be assimilated (Viéitez, 2012). This feeling that invades individuals in the face of the loss of a loved one is called "grief", and it is a natural and necessary process (Guerri, 2021). In short, grief is an adaptive response that has an expected and necessary place in the face of death (Viéitez, 2012). In correspondence with Guerri (2021), it is essential to understand and accept the emotions regarding death in order to internalize the belief that it is a natural process in life and that its meaning is more related to renewal and beginning than to the end or punishment. The death of a loved one initially causes a state of shock in the person, who faces the new situation with violence or excessive calm, depending on the case, due to emotional drowsiness (Viéitez, 2012). After this phase, the person experiences a state of restlessness and anxiety and, in many cases, feelings of guilt for situations or events that were pending in life and that were not resolved. After the loss, depression occurs in many occasions. And, according to Viéitez (2012), the pain will gradually decrease until the usual life is recovered. During the grieving process for death, it is important to support the person so that they share the moment and lighten the burdens (Viéitez, 2012). Therefore, family and friends are essential to cope with the difficult moments to assimilate. Also, resources such as painting, writing or photography are forms of expression that release emotions and relieve the weight of the tragedy. Likewise, through pets or support groups on social networks, moments can be lived in which the feelings and thoughts are more bearable and easy to explain and share. Finally, in accordance with Viéitez (2012), it should be noted that professional help is another alternative to fully achieve emotional balance. References Asociación Americana de Psicología. (2012). El duelo: Cómo sobrellevar la muerte de un ser querido. https://www.apa.org. Recuperado 1 September 2021, a partir de https://www.apa.org/topics/families/duelo Colminas, A. ​El duelo: afrontando la pérdida de un ser querido. Psicologiaymente.com. Recuperado 1 September 2021, a partir de https://psicologiaymente.com/psicologia/duelo-afrontando-perdida Guerri, M. (2021). Muerte y duelo, un proceso natural. PsicoActiva. Recuperado 1 September 2021, a partir de https://www.psicoactiva.com/blog/muerte-y-duelo/ Viéitez, S. (2012). Asumir la muerte y su duelo. La Mente es Maravillosa. Recuperado 1 September 2021, a partir de https://lamenteesmaravillosa.com/asumir-la-muerte-y-su-duelo/ Zurita, G. (2018). DUELO: Qué es y qué etapas tiene. Instituto Galene. Recuperado 1 September 2021, a partir de https://galene.es/duelo/que-es-el-duelo-las-etapas-del-duelo/

Grief becomes a roller coaster for those who experience it (Karawi, 2019). Whether it's a romantic breakup, a significant life change, or the loss of a loved one, everyone has faced in some way the complexities of grief. This process is triggered after a painful loss, completely transforming life, taking on a different hue, and plunging the person into the most painful depths of the soul. According to Karawi (2019), moments of calm intertwine with anger, sadness, and confusion as the person struggles to restore normalcy without realizing that perhaps the very concept of normalcy has changed irreversibly. Swiss-American psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross presented her work "On Death and Dying" in 1969, outlining for the first time the five stages of grief (Martin, 2021). This description was based on her work with terminally ill patients at the University of Chicago (Martin, 2021). However, it is crucial to clarify that these stages do not follow a linear path, and each individual experiences them with different intensity, influenced by the strength of the bond, the circumstances surrounding the loss, and psychological, emotional, and mental factors (Karawi, 2019). According to Karawi (2019), understanding these stages can provide people with the certainty that they are not alone, that their experience is entirely normal, and that, inevitably, they will overcome this challenging process. Denial This is supposed to be the first stage (Karawi, 2019). Initially, people find it profoundly painful to accept reality, which can lead to a conscious or unconscious rejection of what they are experiencing at that moment. Denial can be a strategy to survive and cope with the emotions that arise when facing the idea of losing something beloved forever. When someone learns about the loss of a loved one or understands that the loss will permanently change their life, they may question why it has happened, and reality itself may lose its meaning (Karawi, 2019). Consequently, according to Karawi (2019), the person may feel that they cannot go on like this. Although this stage of grief sometimes involves strict denial of the loss, it is not always the case; it can manifest in a more diffuse or abstract form (Martin, 2021). For example, one might deny the significance of the loss or its definitive nature, rather than denying the fact that it has occurred (Martin, 2021). As the person goes through this stage, they adapt to the new reality they face (Karawi, 2019). According to Karawi (2019), it is entirely normal for memories of what happened to come back to life repeatedly at times, as it is the way the mind processes the fact that the situation truly happened. Rage The end of denial is filled with feelings of frustration and helplessness regarding one's ability to change the consequences of the loss (Martin, 2021). This frustration, in turn, leads to the emergence of anger (Martin, 2021). This is because the person feels that life has let them down, taking away something that was very important (Karawi, 2019). On the other hand, death is perceived as the result of a decision, and that's why blame is sought (Torres, n.d.). Thus, in this phase, what dominates is disruption, the clash of two ideas with very strong emotional charge. That's why a strong feeling of anger appears that is projected in all directions, unable to find a solution or someone to fully blame for the death. Torres (n.d.) states that, even though a part of the person knows it's unfair, the anger is directed against people who are not at fault, or even against animals and objects. Finally, it is crucial for the grieving person to understand that it is normal and healthy to experience and express all emotions that arise during this process (Karawi, 2019). This is because, through anger, situations can be processed much better, so it is crucial that those around the grieving person allow them to express themselves fully. In line with Karawi (2019), uncontrolled anger can trigger various deeper problems, both physical and mental or emotional. Negotiation In this stage, the word "hope" takes on an essential role as grieving individuals, amid all their emotions, seek to make religious promises, lifestyle changes, or emotional exchanges, with the fantasy that their loved one will remain (Karawi, 2019). This constitutes a defense mechanism that, in turn, aims to safeguard the person from fully experiencing the painful situation they are facing. At that moment, the person may experience great frustration upon realizing that the relationship with their loved one or the situation will never be the same again. Similarly, the person is filled with questions, wondering if things could have been different or if they really did enough or not. Multiple scenarios are contemplated as a last attempt to mitigate the pain caused by the loss (Karawi, 2019). However, according to Torres (n.d.), this stage is brief because it does not align with reality, and moreover, it is exhausting to constantly think about possible solutions. Depression During this period, the person begins to accept the reality of the loss, giving rise to feelings of sadness and hopelessness, accompanied by characteristic symptoms of depressive states such as social isolation or lack of motivation (Martin, 2021). Similarly, they experience a void, helplessness, and absolute exhaustion (Karawi, 2019). The loss of a loved one, facing one's own mortality, and other causes of grief can lead to the sense that life lacks meaning, at least temporarily (Martin, 2021). However, this stage is crucial and necessary as it allows people to confront reality, even though it involves a higher degree of suffering (Karawi, 2019). Consequently, many individuals choose to avoid discomfort or even falsely recover to evade a genuine connection with the pain. Perhaps, according to Karawi (2019), they feel the need to display strength to others, preventing them from fully experiencing the various emotions trying to emerge. Acceptance After the phases of denial, anger, bargaining, and depression, the acceptance of loss and the arrival of a state of calmness are associated with the understanding that death and other losses are natural phenomena in human life (Martin, 2021). In this stage, people allow themselves to continue enjoying life, even though what they love so much is no longer present (Karawi, 2019). Living from acceptance does not imply that people are completely okay or that they no longer care about what they experienced (Karawi, 2019). Instead, this stage is about making peace with the idea that this process they went through will always accompany them; it is about saying yes to life with all that it has brought; it is about honoring the destiny of that loved one. Finally, in line with Karawi (2019), guilt, doubts, and helplessness gradually disappear, bringing a new sense of tranquility where the person knows that there are things that cannot be controlled, and that the cycle of life is precisely that, a cycle. Referencias Karawi, S. (2019). ¿Qué es el duelo y la importancia de vivir su proceso?. Discovering Therapy. Recuperado 29 August 2021, a partir de https://www.discoveringtherapy.com/blog/es/que-es-el-duelo-y-la-importancia-de-vivir-su-proceso/ Martin, E. (2021). Las 5 fases (o etapas) del duelo: la teoría de Kübler-Ross. Centro Psicología Integral MC. Recuperado 29 August 2021, a partir de https://centrodepsicologiaintegral.com/las-5-fases-o-etapas-del-duelo-la-teoria-de-kubler-ross/ Torres, A. ​Las 5 etapas del duelo (cuando un familiar fallece). Psicologiaymente.com. Recuperado 29 August 2021, a partir de https://psicologiaymente.com/clinica/etapas-del-duelo

Grief is experienced as a normal emotional state that arises when someone or something of great importance to the individual is lost irreversibly (Fonseca, 2020). Although Bonomi (2012) expresses that the term grief is commonly associated with the loss caused by the death of a loved one, it is relevant to note that this process also unfolds in other circumstances of loss, such as distancing from a family member or friend, the death of a pet, or socio-economic changes that arise with retirement, among others. In short, grief represents a normal adaptive response to significant changes in life that involve the loss of an object or situation with which there is a strong emotional bond (Bonomi, 2012). In line with Bonomi (2012), this process triggers both psychological and physical symptoms, such as lack of energy, decreased appetite, sleep disorders, feelings of anger, confusion, depression, guilt, abandonment, uncontrollable crying, and isolation behaviors, among others. Why is Grief Important? Even though people may not be aware, they are prepared to face various losses constantly, as life unfolds as a continuous succession of small disagreements (Ortiz, n.d.). However, this process is of utmost importance and must be fully experienced, as its omission hinders complete recovery (Karawi, 2019). Many people are at a loss on how to cope with grief. In fact, many experience feelings of guilt when confronted with intense sadness, doubting the validity of their suffering as a sufficient reason to pause and take care of themselves. Nevertheless, according to Karawi (2019), the final acceptance of the loss is intrinsically linked to the amount of psychological energy invested in what has been lost, for example: what was the relationship like with this person who is no longer here? or how much affection did one have for the house that was sold? In the grieving process, the goal is to recover this psychological energy in a healthy way (Fonseca, 2020). However, denying the burden of assimilating the loss or improperly managing the pain can leave deep scars (Porporatto, n.d.). Therefore, in line with Fonseca (2020), it is crucial to express all emotions during grief, as the repression of these emotions can lead to future discomforts. Finally, it is important to highlight that grief inevitably transforms people; one cannot expect them to be the same again, as contact with death or loss impels individuals to step out of themselves, to be more empathetic to others' pain, to enjoy the little things in life more, and to have a greater disposition towards others (Ortiz, n.d.). Lastly, it is fundamental to mention that, according to Bonomi (2018), if there is no improvement over time or the pain worsens, seeking professional help is highly recommended. Every Grieving Process is Important There are various ways to manage grief (Karawi, 2019). In most cultures, wakes and funerals are conducted, which help survivors confront the loss. However, other experiences, such as the loss of a pet, a change of residence, the loss of a baby, a romantic breakup, geographical relocation, the termination of a job contract, among others, have less recognized and consequently less experienced grieving processes. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight that all types of grief are valid and should be faced, experienced, and processed. There are various ways to do so. One of them, undoubtedly, is seeking therapeutic support to acquire the necessary tools to cope with the new situation. Additionally, according to Karawi (2019), one can choose to write a letter, plant a tree, acquire a piece of jewelry or another item symbolizing the loss, participate in a support group, make a donation, among other actions. References Bonomi, S. (2018). Duelos: la importancia de aceptar y enfrentar la pérdida. Laprensa.com.ar. Recuperado 29 August 2021, a partir de https://www.laprensa.com.ar/468423-Duelos-la-importancia-de-aceptar-y-enfrentar-la-perdida.note.aspx Fonseca, D. (2020). ¿Por qué es importante vivir el duelo?. Shaio.org. Recuperado 28 August 2021, a partir de https://www.shaio.org/vivirelduelo Karawi, S. (2019). ¿Qué es el duelo y la importancia de vivir su proceso?. Discovering Therapy. Recuperado 29 August 2021, a partir de https://www.discoveringtherapy.com/blog/es/que-es-el-duelo-y-la-importancia-de-vivir-su-proceso/ Ortiz, P. ¿Para qué sirve el duelo?. Estarbien.ibero.mx. Recuperado 29 August 2021, a partir de http://estarbien.ibero.mx/mi-persona/mente/tristeza/que-es-el-duelo/ Porporatto, M. Importancia del duelo. Importancias. Recuperado 29 August 2021, a partir de https://importancias.com/duelo/

Talking about grief and loss continues to be one of the greatest taboos in contemporary society (Feldman, 2019). However, there is no way to avoid it (Messelt, n.d.). This is because there are as many grieving processes as there are significant losses, and each person experiences it in a very different way (Caballero, 2018). In other words, no two individuals share the same pain and experience after a tragic event (Vasquez, 2021). Nevertheless, many of the ideologies learned throughout the life cycle are influenced by misconceptions about grief (Caballero, 2018). These myths may seem harmless; however, they can become limitations to personal development (Wolfelt, n.d.). Consequently, in accordance with Caballero (2018), being aware of the pain caused by loss does not weaken individuals; on the contrary, it helps them feel natural in the face of this very human and adaptive response. "One Nail Drives Out Another" Statements like "there are plenty of fish in the sea" or "one nail pulls out another" teach that, to overcome a loss, it is necessary to carry out a replacement (Caballero, 2018). For instance, if the loss of a pet is experienced, the solution may be found in acquiring another one (Lemos, 2015). However, in line with Lemos (2015), one should never attempt to replace something that held significant value, as such a replacement will not provide the sought-after comfort for the individual. "Time Heals All" Another misconception that has taken root in society is the idea that with time, everything is forgotten and everything heals (Lemos, 2015). However, for many individuals, the weight of grief does not dissipate over time (Bennett, 2016). Some people struggle for years, even decades, to make sense of their loss (Bennett, 2016). In summary, time itself is not the remedy for a grieving heart (Vasquez, 2021). Instead, what is done with grief can influence the process over time (Bennett, 2016). The gift of time provides a space for reflection, processing, integration, and adaptation to the loss. So, although the pain of grief never truly ends, it can evolve and take on a different form (Bennett, 2016). For example, a mother whose child has passed away is unlikely to heal the wound caused by their departure (Lemos, 2015). Moreover, it is likely that years may pass, and this pain finds neither calm nor healing. Of course, according to Lemos (2015), this mother will learn to live with the pain. "People Should Be Strong" People must discard the idea that sadness is a characteristic feeling of the weak, that is, of those who are not very resilient (according to Caballero, 2018). Precisely, those who claim to be the strongest are the first to collapse, as they wear a mask of composure and strength, even though inside they are completely shattered (Lemos, 2015). Similarly, according to Caballero (2018), they do it so well that they hinder empathy, making it much more difficult to receive help. "It is Better not to Bring up the Topic" Friends, in particular, hold the belief that the most effective way to provide support is to avoid the topic and distract the person experiencing grief (Caballero, 2018). However, the reality is that those going through a grieving process generally want and need to express their feelings about the loss they have experienced (Caballero, 2018). Yes, in line with Randall (n.d.), tears may also be expressed; nevertheless, it is crucial to emphasize that the individual seeking to offer help is not the cause of these tears but contributes to making the grieving person feel comfortable enough to share them. "Grief is a Linear Process" Coherently translate from Spanish to English: One of the biggest myths about grief is that it occurs in stages and follows a strictly linear path toward healing (Vasquez, 2021). However, some research has found that the stage model does not always fit with individuals' unique experiences (Bennett, 2016). It has been observed that some individuals may not go through any stage, while others may only feel some of the steps or experience a different order (Vasquez, 2021). According to Bennett (2016), an individual's grieving experience may depend on various factors such as who or what was lost, their support network, education, personality, spiritual beliefs, and cultural heritage. In reality, the grieving process resembles much less a neat set of stages and much more a rollercoaster of emotions (Feldman, 2019). In fact, no stage theory, to date, has been able to fully explain how people cope with a loss. This is because, as Feldman (2019) suggests, grief is different for each person and each loss, so it's important not to force oneself to conform to someone else's idea of how grief should be. "Grief and Mourning are the Same" Most people tend to use the words grief and mourning interchangeably (Wolfelt, n.d.). However, there are decisive differences between both expressions (Vasquez, 2021). Although they may arise from the same experience, they are by no means the same. On the one hand, grief refers to the internalization of feelings and emotions related to a loss (Vasquez, 2021). It is linked to personal experience and constitutes an individual response to any type of loss (Caballero, 2018). On the other hand, mourning represents the extrinsic expression of pain, that is, the openly shared social response with others (Caballero, 2018). When it is said that a person is in mourning, it usually refers to the period immediately following a significant loss (Vasquez, 2021). According to Vasquez (2021), for some people, it tends to last only a few days; however, for others, mourning can extend for several weeks or even months. "Children do not Understand Death" There is a mistaken belief that young children do not grieve or understand what it means to suffer (Vasquez, 2021). However, it has been observed that children are capable of perceiving the emotional reactions of people, and assuming that they do not understand what is happening would be a significant mistake (Caballero, 2018). They may not have the skills to express their feelings or process emotions related to pain; nevertheless, they experience pain and suffering. Consequently, it is essential for infants to go through the grieving process simultaneously with other family members (Caballero, 2018). However, according to Vasquez (2021), the manifestation of grief will vary considerably depending on the child's age, level of maturity, and stage of development. "You Should Keep Going After One Year" The myth that it takes a year to overcome significant loss or the death of a loved one puts pressure on those who are suffering, urging them to recover from their pain (Vasquez, 2021). However, not all setbacks take a year to overcome; more profound losses can extend grief beyond that period. The twelve-month guideline for overcoming grief is characteristic of normal grief but does not determine the duration of grief for everyone. During the first year, the person adjusts to the loss, experiencing changes in their life and routine, some of which may not manifest until long after the initial twelve months. However, for some people, as stated by Vasquez (2021), one year simply is not enough time to get accustomed to their new life. References Bennett, G. (2016). Busting the myths about grief. Sane Australia. Recuperado 25 August 2021, a partir de https://www.sane.org/information-stories/the-sane-blog/suicide-prevention/busting-the-myths-about-grief Caballero, B. (2018). Mitos sobre el duelo: trampas comunes en la gestión de la pérdida. La Mente es Maravillosa. Recuperado 25 August 2021, a partir de https://lamenteesmaravillosa.com/mitos-sobre-el-duelo-trampas-comunes-en-la-gestion-de-la-perdida/ Feldman, D. (2019). Five Myths About Grief You May Believe. Psychology Today. Recuperado 25 August 2021, a partir de https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/supersurvivors/201909/five-myths-about-grief-you-may-believe Lemos, R. (2015). 6 Mitos sobre el duelo. La Mente es Maravillosa. Recuperado 25 August 2021, a partir de https://lamenteesmaravillosa.com/6-mitos-duelo/ Messelt, J. Top 5 Common Myths of Grief. Hospice of the Red River Valley. Recuperado 25 August 2021, a partir de https://www.hrrv.org/blog/top-5-common-myths-of-grief/ Randall, K. Mitos y conceptos erróneos sobre el duelo. Willow House. Recuperado 25 August 2021, a partir de https://willowhouse.org/es/mitos-y-conceptos-erroneos-sobre-el-duelo/ Vasquez, A. (2021). 10 Common Myths About Grief Debunked. Joincake.com. Recuperado 25 August 2021, a partir de https://www.joincake.com/blog/myths-about-grief/ Wolfelt, A. Common Myths about Grief. Mintoschool.ca. Recuperado 25 August 2021, a partir de http://mintoschool.ca/Crisis%20Plan/Section%205/5-N%20Common%20Myths%20About%20Grief.pdf

Humans establish relationships by nature (Colominas, n.d.). Thus, throughout life, they build bonds that allow them to meet their needs for security and protection in childhood, identity development in adolescence, and giving and receiving love in adulthood. This impulse to connect with the outside world arises from the moment the baby is born and begins to relate to its mother (Colominas, n.d.). Therefore, it is normal for them to face numerous and diverse losses during the life cycle, leading them to experience a grieving process (Vargas, 2003). According to Vargas (2003), the way to express this pain depends on various factors, such as culture, religion, the circumstances of the loss, among others. What is Grief? The term "duelo" has its origin in the Latin word "dolus," which means pain or suffering (Cante, 2021). It refers to the psychological process that individuals go through when facing a loss, primarily involving emotional adaptation, but also encompassing physiological, cognitive, and behavioral aspects (Martin, 2021). In correspondence with Zurita (2018), some losses are more significant than others, and therefore, people feel their pain with varying intensity. It should be emphasized that not all losses are physical in nature; they can also be abstract (Martin, 2021). In other words, grief does not only occur due to the death of a loved one or a pet with whom emotional and affective bonds existed but also in situations involving significant changes, such as moving, a new job, a change of school, among others (Cante, 2021). In short, grief is the process by which one accepts, assimilates, and overcomes any loss experienced throughout life (Vargas, 2003). Thus, it can be concluded that grief is not an illness or depression (Laso, 2021). However, according to Laso (2021), grief can lead to many depressive symptoms, such as sadness, apathy, anhedonia, motor slowing, memory problems, among others. Despite grief being a normal process, it can turn into pathological grief if individuals do not adequately process any of the stages or tasks of grief (Laso, 2021). This can result in unresolved grief, preventing the person from moving on with their life without the loss significantly interfering, feeling overwhelmed, and even resorting to inappropriate and unhealthy behaviors. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals going through grief to seek the help of a health professional, as psychological therapy facilitates the support of mourners in this process, whether it is normal or pathological grief, helping the individual process it in a more adaptive way and redirect their life through acceptance and value-oriented action (Laso, 2021). However, as noted by Ortego et al. (n.d.), health professionals cannot prevent death or the suffering it causes, but this does not prevent them from providing necessary and effective assistance in moments of pain. References Cante, D. (2021). 6 etapas del duelo - perdidas emocionales. Tendencias y actualidad para la salud y el bienestar | Blog DoctorAkí. Recuperado 24 August 2021, a partir de https://www.doctoraki.com/blog/psicologia/6-etapas-del-duelo-perdidas-emocionales-doctoraki/ Colominas, A. ​El duelo: afrontando la pérdida de un ser querido. Psicologiaymente.com. Recuperado 24 August 2021, a partir de https://psicologiaymente.com/psicologia/duelo-afrontando-perdida Laso, I. (2021). ¿QUÉ ES Y QUÉ NO ES EL DUELO?. Activa Psicología y Formación. Recuperado 24 August 2021, a partir de http://www.activapsicologia.com/que-es-y-que-no-es-el-duelo/ Martin, E. (2021). Las 5 fases (o etapas) del duelo: la teoría de Kübler-Ross. Centro Psicología Integral MC. Recuperado 24 August 2021, a partir de https://centrodepsicologiaintegral.com/las-5-fases-o-etapas-del-duelo-la-teoria-de-kubler-ross/ Ortego, M., et al. El Duelo. Ocw.unican.es. Recuperado 24 August 2021, a partir de https://ocw.unican.es/pluginfile.php/1575/course/section/2034/tema-11.pdf Vargas, R. (2003). Duelo y pérdida. Scielo.sa.cr. Recuperado 24 August 2021, a partir de https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1409-00152003000200005 Zurita, G. (2018). DUELO: Qué es y qué etapas tiene | El proceso de despedirse. Instituto Galene. Recuperado 24 August 2021, a partir de https://galene.es/duelo/que-es-el-duelo-las-etapas-del-duelo/

From time immemorial, humanity has embarked on the unceasing quest for a coherent explanation for the inevitable phenomenon of death (Masoliver, 2020). In correspondence with Masoliver (2020), the fear associated with death largely arises from interpretations, primarily religious, attributed to this enigma. Buddhism Buddhism seeks to suppress the cause of suffering through the annihilation of desire (Marino, 2018). Buddhists believe that divinity is gradually attained, considering matter as eternal and in constant repose. Buddha advocates the extinction of all desires as the highest ideal, aiming for nirvana and adopting indifference towards life, death, pain, and pleasure (Marino, 2018). In Eastern cultures following Buddhism, life is not limited to death, as per Buddhist belief; individuals are reincarnated into new lives, with each life seen as an opportunity for learning and improvement toward achieving spiritual purity (Guerri, 2021). In other words, for Buddhists, life is eternal, marked by successive reincarnations; therefore, death is not perceived as the end of existence but as the beginning of a new stage (Guerri, 2021). According to Scalici (n.d.), for Buddhists, the phenomenon of transmigration is evident, making death necessary. Christianity Christianity finds its roots in Judaism, the religion in which Jesus of Nazareth, its founder, was raised (Vincenzo, n.d.). In the Christian perspective, reconciliation between humanity and God is realized through the death of Jesus (Marino, 2018). Likewise, the resurrection of Christ symbolizes liberation from death and sin. For followers of this faith, death marks the end of the earthly pilgrimage, but thanks to Christ, it takes on a positive meaning. After death, each individual undergoes judgment based on their actions, determining their salvation or condemnation. Though it may seem threatening, in accordance with Marino (2018), the Christian message encourages following the example of Jesus of Nazareth, the incarnate Son of God, sent by His Father so that humans may truly perceive Him and identify with Him – that is, with the divinity manifested in human form. Hinduism Hinduism is considered one of the oldest religions in the world, originating from Vedic religion, which later evolved into Brahmanism with the arrival of the Caucasus Aryans and immigrants from Malaysia, Babylon, and Iran (Marino, 2018). Hindus have minimal concern for death as they believe in rebirth in another place from birth, with their primary focus on breaking the cycle of rebirths (Scalici, n.d.). The goal of Hindus is to free themselves from life and escape existence in the world, as they consider their social and historical existence denies their true being, and their objective is to renounce it (Scalici, n.d.). According to Guerri (2021), existence, for them, implies the absence of reality and uncertainty about what is and what will come. In the Hindu religious perspective, death involves the union of the individual soul with the universal soul; therefore, it is believed that upon death, one transitions not to another life as known on earth, but to a form of spiritual and unknown existence based on union with the Absolute or the Supreme Principle (Scalici, n.d.). Hindu belief maintains that everyone experiences multiple lives throughout their existence (Guerri, 2021). In other words, when a person dies, their soul is reborn and reincarnated into another body (Guerri, 2021). In the Hindu conception, souls assume their divine, animal, or human condition based on the moment in the process and the law of karma, which follows the principle of retribution: "who does it, pays for it" (Marino, 2018). According to Guerri (2021), if a person acted in accordance with their life duties or "Dharma" in the previous life, they will reincarnate into a favorable body. Islamism Muslims welcome death with joy, as it frees the individual from the burdens of worldly life. Death opens the doors to the infinitely vast circle of the mercy of the Eternal and Beloved, where one can enjoy the company of loved ones and experience the comfort of an eternal and happy life (Scalici, n.d.). Islam stands out as the only religion that provides detailed guidelines for before, during, and after the death of a loved one, as outlined in the Quran. From pre-death to burial, a farewell ceremony takes place, marking a significant stage of life (Scalici, n.d.). At the moment of death, the last words Muslims should utter are "there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet" (Marino, 2018). After death, according to Marino (2018), only Muslims are allowed to touch or wash the body. A notable feature is the presence of multicolored tents on the street and at the door of the deceased's house (Scalici, n.d.). These tents host a prayer for the deceased, typically reserved for men, as women tend to stay inside the house on these occasions. The prayer, known as salat-l-janazah, is led by an Imam. After the prayer, only men participate in a funeral procession to the cemetery for the burial (Scalici, n.d.). During this process, the head of the deceased is turned towards their right shoulder, burying them with their face towards Mecca (Marino, 2018). According to Marino (2018), many Muslims do not express grief, as it could be perceived as a lack of faith in Allah. Since Islam is based on self-justice, Muslims often reflect on the Day of Judgment. On this day, they believe that Allah or an angel will use a scale to weigh each person's actions (Marino, 2018). Their hope is that the good deeds will outweigh the bad, although they recognize that Allah will judge according to His will and not their own judgment. Another Islamic interpretation suggests that the actions of the deceased are recorded in a book. On the Day of Judgment, Allah will open this book, tally the person's actions, and determine whether they will be placed in their right or left hand. According to Marino (2018), the only way to secure paradise is to die as a martyr during a holy Islamic war. Judaism Judaism emphasizes the value of life, and as death approaches, there is no particular need for an intermediary to provide last rites. Consequently, a Jewish individual at the end of their life may express a preference not to meet with a rabbi (Marino, 2018). After death, there is a special and respectful treatment of the body, prohibiting mutilation unless there is a specific legal provision for an autopsy. The funeral service generally takes place within the next 24 hours after death or as soon as possible. In Judaism, everything related to death is considered impure. Therefore, Marino (2018) mentions that after death, a member of the corresponding couple, according to the deceased's gender, proceeds to wash the body in a special way, wraps it, and places it in a simple coffin. Jews perceive human beings as naturally mortal, and what demarcates the divine from the human is death, as it comes from God (Marino, 2018). What God promises is experienced during life and is not nullified by death. Contemplating death, Jews perceive life; in contemplating life, they draw closer to God. According to Marino (2018), living is akin to engaging in a dialogue with God, and dying is the final silence where there are no words to speak and no reason to listen. Tibet Among the Tibetans, attitudes towards death and dying are devoid of the general taboo found in the West (Scalici, n.d.). In this context, death is faced with respect and admiration (Scalici, n.d.). The existence of death becomes a stimulus for human development, standing out throughout life, especially in moments close to death (Guerri, 2021). A fundamental principle that permeates the lives of Tibetans is the transient nature and constant change of the entire universe (Scalici, n.d.). There, the presence of death is used as an indispensable psychological factor for awareness of the transient nature of life, the change of all things, and the precious value of the present moment, that is, the here and now (Guerri, 2021). In this sense, in accordance with Scalici (n.d.), death is not perceived as an enemy to be fought and avoided at all costs but as an indispensable aspect of life. References Guerri, M. (2021). El concepto de muerte en las diferentes culturas y religiones. PsicoActiva. Recuperado 17 August 2021, a partir de https://www.psicoactiva.com/blog/concepto-muerte-las-diferentes-culturas-religiones/ Marino, D. (2018). La idea de la muerte en las diferentes religiones. Contextos de la Palabra. Recuperado 21 August 2021, a partir de https://contextoslapalabra.com/contextos/la-idea-de-la-muerte-en-las-diferentes-religiones/ Masoliver, A. (2020). La perspectiva de la muerte según diferentes culturas del mundo. Recuperado 21 August 2021, a partir de https://www.larazon.es/viajes/20200410/wckjpe2eubgvvmbydjrdoilpzm.html Scalici, E. LA MUERTE EN LAS DIFERENTES CULTURAS. Proyecto.webescuela.cl. Recuperado 21 August 2021, a partir de https://proyecto.webescuela.cl/sistema/webclass/home/recursos/resource/15/ofimatica/964678_15_3MOJsE04_lamuerteendiferentesculturas.pdf Vincenzo, R. La muerte en el Cristianismo - Al final de la vida. Al final de la vida. Recuperado 23 August 2021, a partir de https://www.alfinaldelavida.org/la-muerte-en-el-cristianismo/

Saint Augustine of Hippo (354 AD - 430 AD) was a philosopher and Christian theologian recognized for his influential role in Catholicism and Western philosophy (Cajal, 2018). His thoughts and writings played a crucial role in the consolidation of Christianity after the fall of the Roman Empire. He is often credited with the title of the father of Eastern Orthodox theology and the most prominent of the four fathers of the Latin Church (Cajal, 2018). In correspondence with Tornau (2019), contemporary philosophers continue to be fascinated by St. Augustine's innovative ideas on language, skepticism, knowledge, will, emotions, freedom, determinism, and the structure of the human mind, and last but not least, his approach to philosophy. Biography Augustine of Hippo, originally known as Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, was born on November 13th, 354 AD, in Tagaste, a Roman province in North Africa (O'Donnell, 2021). Tagaste was a humble Roman community situated in the valley of a river, 64 kilometers from the Mediterranean coast of Africa (O'Donnell, 2021). His name derived from Latin, meaning "the revered one" (Cajal, 2018). He was the son of Monica, of Berber descent and a devout Catholic (Guzman, n.d.). When Monica was young, she chose not to marry and dedicated her life to prayer (Cajal, 2018). However, her family arranged for her to marry a man named Patricius, a descendant of the pagan faith (Guzman, n.d.). According to Cajal (2018), Patricius was hardworking but not religious, enjoying festivities and casual sex. His parents belonged to the respectable class of Roman society, managing their resources to provide him with a first-class education, despite sometimes limited means (O'Donnell, 2021). Although he had at least one brother and one sister, he seems to have been the only child sent for education (O'Donnell, 2021). At the age of 11, he was sent to a school in southern Tagaste, where he stayed until the age of 17, when he began his training in rhetoric (Guzman, n.d.). After this stage, he left the Church to follow Manichaeism, a religion influenced by the Persian prophet Mani (Guzman, n.d.). Although possibly active as a Manichaean apologist and missionary, he never became one of the sect's chosen, committed to asceticism and sexual abstinence (Tornau, 2019). According to Cajal (2018), upon returning home from vacation to tell his mother about this, she expelled him because he did not accept his departure from Christianity. Soon after, he formed a family with the woman who was his partner for 15 years (Guzman, n.d.). With her, he had his only son named Adeodatus, who was baptized along with his father in Milan and died shortly after at the age of 18 (Tornau, 2019). In the year 383, he moved to Rome, continuing his studies in rhetoric, philosophy, persuasion, and oratory (Guzman, n.d.). While in Rome, he fell ill and was bedridden (Cajal, 2018). After recovering, the governor of Rome and his personal friend, Symmachus, intervened for him to be appointed magistrate in the present city of Milan. During this time, he still adhered to Manichaean philosophy but began associating with the bishop of Milan, Ambrose. According to Cajal (2018), through the intervention of his mother, who was already in Milan, he participated in the lectures of Bishop Ambrose, which made him listen and admire the role. Through Bishop Ambrose, he became acquainted with the teachings of the Greek Neoplatonic philosopher Plotinus and the writings of Paul of Tarsus (Cajal, 2018). In the summer of the year 386, after a profound personal crisis detailed in his famous work, "Confessions," he finally converted to Christianity (Guzman, n.d.). He abandoned rhetoric and science, renounced marital ties, and devoted himself to the priesthood (Guzman, n.d.). Later, he moved with his mother to Cassiciaco, a city near Milan, engaging in meditation (Cajal, 2018). According to Tornau (2019), after a winter of philosophical leisure on the rural estate of Cassiciacum near Milan, he was baptized by Bishop Ambrose on Easter of the year 387 and returned to Africa, accompanied by his son, some friends, and his mother, who died during the journey. Subsequently, he returned to North Africa and founded a monastery (Guzman, n.d.). In the year 391, he was ordained as a priest in the city of Hippo, now Annaba, Algeria. From there, he became known as Augustine of Hippo and soon gained recognition as a great preacher (Guzman, n.d.). Although it is said that he did not desire this appointment, he eventually accepted it, the same happening when he was appointed bishop in the year 395. He passed away in the year 430, probably on August 28th, at the age of 75; after his appointment as bishop and "patron of the regular clergy" (Cajal, 2018; Guzman, n.d.). According to Guzman (n.d.), while the exact causes of his death are unknown, it is known to have occurred in the context of the Vandal invasion of the Roman province of Africa by Genseric. Theory of Knowledge Augustine's theory of knowledge, also known as the doctrine of illumination, represents a non-empiricist epistemology grounded in a Neoplatonic interpretation of Plato's doctrine of recollection (Tornau, 2019). Augustine argues that genuine knowledge requires direct experience; second-hand information, such as reliable testimony, may generate true and justifiable belief but does not constitute knowledge in the strict sense. In the case of sensible objects, such first-hand knowledge is possible through sensory perception. However, according to Tornau (2019), knowledge of intelligible objects cannot be empirically obtained through abstraction or linguistically transmitted by a human instructor; instead, it demands personal intellectual activity culminating in intellectual intuition, evaluated by a criterion intrinsic to each individual and not present anywhere else. The paradigm of this kind of cognition encompasses mathematical and logical truths, as well as fundamental moral intuitions, understood not through faith in a teacher or text but directly perceived (Tornau, 2019). The condition and criterion of truth for this intellectual intuition reside in God, conceived as a Neoplatonic immaterial principle, immanent and transcendent with respect to the soul. Similarly, Augustine argues that attaining this truth involves introspection, through what he calls reason or the soul, whose essence is God. In other words, the senses are not a means of grasping the truth of things (Tornau, 2019). The senses do not constitute a medium for understanding truth because, according to Cajal (2018), what is obtained through them lacks permanence and transcendence, and therefore, it is not transcendental knowledge. As a result, Augustine identifies three main levels of understanding: sensations, rational knowledge, and wisdom itself (Cajal, 2018). Sensations represent the most primitive way of approaching truth and reality, shared with animals. Rational knowledge occupies an intermediate position and relates to the implementation of thoughts. Through sensibility, humans gain knowledge of sensible objects, but the mind allows them to analyze them from eternal and non-corporeal perspectives. Finally, wisdom involves the human capacity to acquire eternal, transcendent, and valuable knowledge without depending on the senses. Instead of using the senses, individuals reach knowledge through introspection and the search for internal truth, personified by God. For Augustine, according to Cajal (2018), God constitutes the foundation of all models and standards, as well as all ideas that emerge in the world. The Rational Soul Saint Augustine of Hippo postulated that God created the soul, being the only being capable of giving life to other beings and forming creation, which includes the earth, the sea, plants, animals, and other beings (Rey, 2012). From Plato's perspective, the body and soul are complete and separate substances; their union is accidental: man is a rational and immortal soul that uses a material and mortal body as an instrument (Ruiza, Fernández & Tamaro, 2004). The soul, endowed with will, memory, and intelligence, is a simple and indivisible spiritual substance, qualities from which it derives its immortality, as, for Augustine, death is the decomposition of the parts (Ruiza, Fernández & Tamaro, 2004). In short, in correspondence with Rey (2012), the soul of Saint Augustine is the spiritual substance of man, connected to the body and the means by which man transcends. However, Augustine established that only the rational soul can attain this knowledge (Cajal, 2018). This conception of the nature of rationality reflects his recognition of the importance of reason and his conviction that this faculty does not conflict with faith. According to Cajal (2018), Augustine goes further to argue that the soul must be motivated by love for truth and God to access true knowledge. The Dualism of Memory Augustine of Hippo and his mother, Saint Monica, according to Johann Dréo de Chartres, maintained that memory represented the most crucial aspect of the mind as it was the root of psychological functioning (Shuttleworth, 2011). Similarly, they conceived of memory as the internal space where humans stored all the information they could apprehend, organizing it in an orderly and successive manner according to the temporal occurrence of events (Rey, 2012). Consequently, they argued that all skills and habits emanated from memory, proposing that even animals must possess the ability to remember for their functioning (Shuttleworth, 2011). They proposed a dual memory, distinguishing between recognition and recollection. According to Shuttleworth (2011), humans only remember the images of things in sensory memory, although the maturity of these images fades in affective memory. This dual memory was based on the principle that a retrieved memory was different from the original (Shuttleworth, 2011). For example, the recall of an event did not necessarily entail the same emotions felt at that moment; therefore, recognition and recollection were different processes. They further developed this duality by recognizing that the processes behind memory were extremely complex; some things were easily remembered, others required a small effort, and some refused to appear. Moreover, according to Shuttleworth (2011), some memories were orderly and sequential, while others were disorganized and overwhelming. They even pondered the paradox of forgetting: if something was forgotten but later remembered, how did one know it was knowledge they possessed but had forgotten? To overcome this paradox, Saint Augustine of Hippo added that there must be a memory for forgotten things that worked in conjunction with memory (Shuttleworth, 2011). Finally, in correspondence with Shuttleworth (2011), Saint Augustine of Hippo considered that humans were born with some innate knowledge, although he rejected the idea of carrying knowledge from previous existences, as it did not align with his theological worldview. Language Learning Augustine's language philosophy is influenced by the Hellenistic and Roman grammatical theories of the Stoics (Tornau, 2019). He follows the Stoics in distinguishing between the sound of a word and its meaning but stands out as a pioneer in interpreting language as a system of signs, integrating it into a general semiotics (Tornau, 2019). He reflects on human language, addressing how children learn to speak through their environment and association (Cajal, 2018). He argues that speech's primary purpose is to teach; by asking questions, even about the unknown, it allows individuals to reflect and freely express their viewpoints. Augustine emphasizes that language is taught and learned through memory, which is stored in the soul and externalized through thought to communicate with others. According to Cajal (2018), he highlighted that the sentence was a method of communication stored in the soul and only served to communicate directly with God, to soothe concerns and kindle hope. Dreams Saint Augustine of Hippo examined the nature of dreams and acknowledged that thoughts and impulses suppressed while awake can manifest extremely strongly in dreams (Shuttleworth, 2011). Similarly, he argued that there is no sin in dreams, so they should not affect a Christian's conscience; however, he also pointed out that past experiences can emerge in dreams. Finally, in correspondence with Shuttleworth (2011), Saint Augustine of Hippo concluded that memory could remain buried in the unconscious mind and resurface in dreams, where it would not be subject to the moderation of thought or reason. Predestination and Inner Confusion Saint Augustine of Hippo upheld the belief in free will, proposing that it was at the center of human nature and that each individual had the freedom to choose to obey or deviate from God's plans (Shuttleworth, 2011). In other words, he asserted that a person has control over their thoughts and, therefore, can choose to exercise willpower and self-discipline or succumb to carnal desires that go against the spirit. He proposed that all individuals had an internal struggle, a battle of the inner self against God, and he extrapolated this to suggest that the struggles and chaos in the surrounding world were also manifestations of this particular conflict. For him, in accordance with Shuttleworth (2011), character flaws and defense mechanisms fueled the internal confusion between what is expected of a human being and how they actually behave. On the other hand, Saint Augustine of Hippo placed love at the center of the pursuit of happiness (Shuttleworth, 2011). He argued that desire led to disorder and, consequently, to suffering. He exemplified that the longing for something unattainable feeds internal distress. However, in accordance with Shuttleworth (2011), Augustine posited that the key to remedying this suffering lay in the development of unconditional love, capable of reorganizing the mind. Gender, Women and Sexuality Misogyny is uncommon in Augustine; however, he developed in a society influenced by Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian traditions that upheld the subordination of women to men (Tornau, 2019). His interpretation of the Genesis narrative emphasizes Eve's subordination to Adam, created as his helper and for the purpose of reproduction. He argues that, under the conditions of fallen humanity, marriage becomes a kind of slavery for wives, who must accept it with obedience and humility. In his initial anti-Manichaean exegesis of Genesis, he allegorizes man as the rational and woman as the non-rational and appetitive parts of the soul. However, according to Tornau (2019), he insists that the meaning of the Genesis story was not purely allegorical; sexual differentiation had begun in paradise and would persist in the resurrected bodies of the blessed, being a natural part of God's creation. Following the Greek philosophical conviction that the soul, especially its highest intellectual part, has no gender, Augustine argues that the words of Genesis about humans created in the image of God imply that woman is as human as man since she has an intellectual soul. It is not the body but the intellectual soul that makes humans an image of God (Tornau, 2019). Similarly, according to Tornau (2019), Augustine compares man to theoretical reason and woman to practical reason, stating that while theoretical and practical reason together, or reason as a whole, is an image of God, practical reason alone, directed towards corporeal things and assisting theoretical reason, is not. Augustine's views on sexuality are more prominent in his anti-Pelagian treatises, where he develops a theory about the transmission of original sin from the first couple in paradise to every human being born since then, making sexual concupiscence the main factor in the process (Tornau, 2019). In Augustine's ethics, concupiscence does not have a specifically sexual meaning but is a general term encompassing all volitions or intentions opposed to proper love. The transgression of Adam and Eve did not consist of sexual concupiscence but in their disobedience, rooted in pride, akin to the primal sin of evil angels. According to Tornau (2019), due to this disobedience, they and all of humanity were punished with the inability to fully control their own appetites and volitions, a permanent acratic state marking fallen humanity. The inability of humans to control their sexual desires and even their sexual organs is just one particularly evident example (Tornau, 2019). Unlike most earlier Christian writers, Tornau (2019) notes that Augustine believed there were sexual relations in paradise, and procreation would have occurred even without the fall. He did not share the encratite ideas of some ascetic circles that sought to compensate for the first sin through sexual abstinence, and he had comparatively moderate views on virginity and sexual continence. However, he thought that Adam and Eve had been able to voluntarily control their sexual organs to limit their use to the natural purpose of procreation; in paradise, there was sexuality but no concupiscence (Tornau, 2019). According to Tornau (2019), original sin had destroyed this ideal state, and since then, sexual concupiscence is an inevitable concomitant of procreation, an evil that can be harnessed in legitimate marriage, where the purpose of sexual relations was the procreation of children rather than bodily pleasure. Still, it subjects every newborn human to the dominion of the devil, from which they need to be liberated through baptism. Writtings Confessions In this work, Saint Augustine declares love for God through love for his own soul, which essentially represents God (Cajal, 2018). The Confessions consist of 13 books, most of which are autobiographical narratives (Guzman, n.d.). Saint Augustine chose to name his work "Confessions" not only for this reason but also for the religious significance of confession (Guzman, n.d.). According to O'Donnell (2021), the dichotomy between the past odyssey and the current position of authority as a bishop is emphasized in various ways in the book, among other things, because what begins as a narration of childhood ends with an extensive and highly ecclesiastical discussion of the Book of Genesis; the progression is from the beginnings of a man's life to the beginnings of human society. It addresses topics such as contradictions between his past and later authoritative positions as a bishop (Guzman, n.d.). It also discusses the nature of sin and redemption, revealing the influence of Saint Ambrose on the thinking of Saint Augustine of Hippo, as well as the teachings of Plato. Finally, according to Guzman (n.d.), it talks about renouncing sexuality after ordination to the priesthood, the search for divine wisdom, and the mystical experience he had in Milan, which ultimately led him to choose the Catholic life. The City of God The original title of this book was "The City of God Against the Pagans" (Cajal, 2018). In the context of armed and political conflicts between Africa and Italy, as well as in a religious environment constantly confronted with paganism, Augustine worked for 15 years on a new way of understanding human society (Guzman, n.d.). For the philosopher, it was necessary to build a city of God capable of opposing the city of man. The latter was condemned to disorder, so it was important for the wise to advocate for a city based on divinity (Guzman, n.d.). The work is divided into 22 books (O'Donnell, 2021). The first 10 refute the divine power claims of various pagan communities, and the last 12 narrate the biblical history of humanity from Genesis to the Final Judgment, offering what Augustine presents as the true story of the City of God (O'Donnell, 2021). In short, according to Guzman (n.d.), Augustine tried to present a real history of the City of God. Reconsiderations This work was written in the last years of his life and offers a retrospective look at the career of Saint Augustine (Guzman, n.d.). In form, the book is a catalog of his writings with comments on the circumstances of their composition and with retractions or reconsiderations he would make in retrospect (O'Donnell, 2021). Therefore, its title precisely reflects the exercise of self-analysis that Saint Augustine undertakes (Guzman, n.d.). It is a writing that deeply expresses the thoughts and life of this philosopher (Guzman, n.d.). Consequently, in correspondence with Cajal (2018), scholars of the work of Saint Augustine of Hippo have indicated that this somewhat compilatory work is very beneficial for fully understanding how his thinking evolved. References Cajal, A. (2018). San Agustín de Hipona: Biografía, Filosofía y Aportes. Lifeder. Recuperado 12 July 2021, a partir de https://www.lifeder.com/aportaciones-de-san-agustin/ Guzmán, G. San Agustín de Hipona: biografía de este filósofo y sacerdote. Psicologiaymente.com. Recuperado 12 July 2021, a partir de https://psicologiaymente.com/biografias/san-agustin-de-hipona O´Donnell, J. (2021). Saint Augustine | Biography, Philosophy, Major Works, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. Recuperado 12 July 2021, a partir de https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Augustine Rey, L. (2012). EL CONCEPTO DE HOMBRE EN LAS “CONFESIONES” DE SAN AGUSTIN. Tangara.uis.edu.co. Recuperado 2 August 2021, a partir de http://tangara.uis.edu.co/biblioweb/tesis/2012/144359.pdf Ruiza, M., Fernández, T., & Tamaro, E. (2004). Biografia de San Agustín. Biografiasyvidas.com. Recuperado 12 July 2021, a partir de https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/a/agustin.htm Shuttleworth, M. (2011). Psychology in the Middle Ages - St Augustine (354-430 CE). Explorable.com. Recuperado 12 July 2021, a partir de https://explorable.com/middle-age-psychology-st-augustine Tornau, C. (2019). Saint Augustine. Plato.stanford.edu. Recuperado 12 July 2021, a partir de https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/

Taking care of oneself properly has emerged as a priority for many individuals, covering a broad spectrum of aspects that influence well-being (Gutiérrez, 2021). In this sense, adopting an active lifestyle is presented as a valuable suggestion, advocating for the regular incorporation of physical exercise into daily routines. This change stands as a proactive decision to leave behind sedentary habits, experiencing a notable sense of well-being, energy, and lightness. Additionally, another aspect that should not be overlooked is nutrition. People, aware of the importance of maintaining nutritional balance, seek ways to follow a diet that is not only balanced but also healthy. However, it is also important not to neglect other aspects. Therefore, according to Gutiérrez (2021), it is increasingly common for people to give meditation a chance, a growing practice that promises both physical and emotional benefits. In line with the growing demand for methods to calm the mind and relieve daily stresses, meditation has experienced a notable increase in its popularity (Gutiérrez, 2021). This practice, recognized for its ability to soothe the mind, release pressures, and reduce the levels of stress and anxiety that are so common in contemporary society, has become a valuable resource for many individuals. Despite these favorable points, Gutiérrez (2021) mentions that doubts about the appropriateness of meditation and false myths persist, and accepting them without verifying their truthfulness can generate reservations toward this practice. "Meditation Involves Clearing the Mind" Some people hold the idea that the mind should be devoid, freed from thoughts; however, it is inevitable to avoid mental exercise (Aguirre, 2019). Continuously, the mind harbors a multitude of ideas, memories, and images, whether consciously or unconsciously. In this context, meditation emerges as a powerful tool to achieve full awareness of all forms of thought residing in the mind. It is important to understand that thoughts will always be present, and the goal is not to fight against them. According to Aguirre (2019), adopting resistance is not the right path, as it only leads to higher levels of stress. The proposal is not to be carried away by the thoughts that arise, observe them, and allow them to go away, focusing attention, for example, on breathing, without letting thoughts distract (Gutiérrez, 2021). By being aware of the positive and/or negative thoughts flooding the mind, one understands from personal experience that certain mental patterns exist (Aguirre, 2019). Therefore, meditation facilitates clear thinking, allowing one to observe thoughts as spectators and return to calm more successfully in case of distractions during the practice (Morales Franco, n.d.). Furthermore, there is a perception of the possibility to pay attention to the mind to let go or change what is not useful (Aguirre, 2019). In this way, this practice leads to a sense of freedom by removing unnecessary burdens, being less captive to obsessive and repetitive thoughts of the past or the future that lack utility. Aguirre (2019) mentions that, by reducing identification with these thoughts, greater mental clarity is achieved. "Meditation is for Those Seeking to Escape Reality" The true purpose of embarking on the practice of meditation goes beyond simply disconnecting and distancing oneself from reality; in fact, it involves tuning in and establishing authentic contact with the true inner being, overcoming any external situation that may arise (Calvo, 2022). Although some people may try to use meditation as a means of escaping unresolved internal conflicts, this approach actually contradicts the fundamental teachings of wisdom regarding meditation and mindfulness. Meditation, far from being an evasion, offers various techniques specifically designed to identify, mobilize, and resolve those internal conflicts that are the root of negative emotions. In such situations, Calvo (2022) recommends addressing them with a therapist who can assist in exploring and safely healing past pain, allowing for a return to a natural state of fullness, love, and inner harmony. "With Meditation, Extraordinary or Mystical Experiences are Had" Although the meditative experience may be intriguing, the notion that the effectiveness of meditation is related to the belief that one must witness extraordinary phenomena or have mystical sensations can be conceived (Aguirre, 2019). Such expectations could lead to frustration if the individual does not undergo any extrasensory experiences (Aguirre, 2019). Beyond these expectations, the real benefits of meditation are experienced throughout the rest of the day when the person is not meditating and is engaged in their daily activities (Calvo, 2022). At the conclusion of the meditation session, a sense of stillness and mental calm derived from the practice is carried forward, facilitating increased creativity, maintaining focus, and being more pleasant with oneself and the surroundings (Calvo, 2022). According to Aguirre (2019), the manifestation of a different emotional response in situations that used to provoke irritation, offense, or indignation indicates progress in the face of emotional challenges. "A Quiet Place is Needed for Meditation" Incorporating meditation into everyday life does not always require a quiet corner and a specific time (Morales Franco, n.d.). In fact, meditation can be explored even in noisy and distracting environments. Some mindfulness techniques suggest, for example, taking a few minutes of pause during the daily routine to direct attention to the breath. This can be helpful in situations like traffic, during an intense conversation, or even while enjoying breakfast. Despite this flexibility, it is beneficial to dedicate a more formal meditation practice in an environment that provides comfort and allows for deeper concentration. It is not essential for it to be a completely silent space or a dedicated temple, but it is useful to choose a place where it is easier to control external distractions. According to Morales Franco (n.d.), this conducive environment will allow for a few minutes of silence, thus facilitating the continuation and deepening of meditation. "Many Years of Practice Are Needed to Succeed in Meditation" While it is true that the expected results may not be achieved in the first sessions, it is also not necessary to wait for years for them to be effective (Gutiérrez, 2021). Scientifically, it has been demonstrated how the effects of meditation bring about changes in the mind and body with just a few weeks of training (Aguirre, 2019). For example, the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program contributes to reducing stress and anxiety, bringing greater calm and harmony to life. Among the most important aspects is that it increases levels of awareness, which ultimately translate into better performance in social and work environments. In general terms, Aguirre (2019) mentions that scientists who have studied meditation for decades conclude what ancient spiritual traditions already knew: continuous practice helps recognize everything that contributes to unhappiness and, thus, create greater mental clarity through the release of emotional toxicity. "Meditation is a Religious Practice" Although meditation has been part of various spiritual or religious practices throughout history, it does not present itself as a religion or spiritual trend in itself (Morales Franco, n.d.). This means that anyone, regardless of their beliefs or spiritual practices, has the ability to meditate without contradicting their perspective or convictions (Morales Franco, n.d.). Meditation is more related to promoting well-being and health, improving performance in social settings by developing empathy skills, and creating harmonious and mentally peaceful environments by reducing stressors (Aguirre, 2019). It contributes to feeling better about oneself, enriching existence, and facing life's challenges with greater resilience. It is worth noting that any meditation, no matter how simple and brief it may seem, will yield results, even if they are seemingly invisible. According to Aguirre (2019), these results gradually manifest as one accesses pure awareness that expands the being. References Aguirre, L. A. (2019, marzo 15). El Arte de la Meditación: Mitos y Verdades. Magloire Aguirre. https://www.magloireaguirre.com/2019/03/15/el-arte-de-la-meditacion-mitos-y-verdades/ Calvo, Ú. (2022, octubre 18). 7 Falsos Mitos Sobre la Meditación. Úrsula Calvo. https://ursulacalvo.com/blog/7-falsos-mitos-sobre-la-meditacion Gutiérrez, I. (2021, octubre 8). Falsos Mitos de la Meditación que Conviene Desterrar. El Confidencial. https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/estilo/ocio/2021-10-08/meditacion-falsos-mitos-desterrar-ideas_3303030/ Morales Franco, A.P. (s.f). Mitos Acerca de la Meditación. Bambú. Recuperado el 12 de diciembre de 2023, de https://www.appbambu.com/blog/mitos-acerca-de-la-meditacion

Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274) was a priest and theologian of the Dominican order within Roman Catholicism (Guzmán, n.d.). Despite his relatively short life, passing away at the age of 49, Thomas Aquinas left a colossal presence in the 13th century (Huffine, 2021). According to Guzmán (n.d.), he is considered one of the greatest philosophers of the scholastic tradition, defined as a theoretical movement that dominated much of the Middle Ages and used reason to understand the religious revelations of Christianity. His thinking has enabled the development of highly significant theological and philosophical studies (Cajal, 2018). Similarly, his writings exert a strong influence on Christian theology, especially within the Catholic Church (Cajal, 2018). In line with Chenu (2021), in his role as a theologian, he was responsible for two masterpieces, the Summa Theologiae and the Summa Contra Gentiles, and as a poet, he left a notable legacy. Biography The exact date of his birth is unknown (Cajal, 2018). However, it is estimated that he was born in the year 1225 in the castle of Roccasecca, near Aquino, Italy (Guerri n.d.). He comes from parents who owned a modest feudal domain in a region constantly disputed by the emperor and the pope (Chenu, 2021). Landolfo de Aquino, his father, was of Lombard origin, while his mother, Teodora, came from the later invading Norman heritage (Chenu, 2021). In fact, his family expected him to follow the Benedictine path, as it was the intended destiny for any son of Italian nobility (Guzmán, n.d). Consequently, Saint Thomas Aquinas was sent to the Abbey of Montecassino at the age of 5 to train with Benedictine monks (Guerri n.d.). According to Cajal (2018), the teachings of the monks were closely related to silent meditation, as well as various fields such as music, grammar, religion, and morality. In the year 1239, after nine years in this sanctuary of spiritual and cultural life, young Thomas was forced to return to his family when Emperor Frederick II expelled the monks due to their obedience to the Pope (Chenu, 2021). After this episode, he began attending the newly founded University of Naples, where he had access for the first time to scientific and philosophical works translated from Greek and Arabic (Chenu, 2021). He stayed there for five years, immersing himself abundantly in concepts associated with Aristotelian logic (Cajal, 2018). In the year 1243, he secretly joined a Dominican order, receiving the habit in 1244 (Guerri n.d.). During this period, he befriended Juan de Wildeshausen, the master general of the Dominican order (Cajal, 2018). According to Cajal (2018), this friendship facilitated Thomas's quick admission to the order. When his family discovered his choice, they felt betrayed and decided to kidnap him (Guerri n.d.). Thomas's family kept him captive for a year, confined in the fortress of San Giovanni in Roccasecca. During this time, they tried to change his newfound beliefs (Guerri n.d.). Finally, after the confinement, he entered the Dominican School of Cologne in 1244 and in 1245 to the University of Paris, where he studied philosophy and theology under the tutelage of Albertus Magnus (Guzmán, n.d.). According to Guzmán (n.d.), around the year 1248, he was appointed a professor, formally initiating his academic, literary, and public life. He continued his studies with the Dominicans in Naples, Paris, and Cologne (Guerri n.d.). He was ordained a priest in Cologne, Germany, in the year 1250 and then taught theology at the University of Paris. After completing his education, he devoted himself to a life of travel, writing, teaching, oratory, and preaching (Guerri n.d.). In the Easter of 1272, he returned to Italy to establish a Dominican study house at the University of Naples (Chenu, 2021). This move was in response to a request made by King Charles of Anjou, who wanted to revive the university. Chenu (2021) states that after participating in a general chapter of the Dominicans in Florence during Pentecost week and resolving some family matters, Saint Thomas Aquinas resumed his university teaching in Naples in October and continued until the end of the following year. In January of 1274, Pope Gregory X personally summoned Saint Thomas Aquinas to the Second Council of Lyon, which was an attempt to repair the schism between the Latin and Greek churches (Chenu, 2021). On his way, he was affected by an illness, stopping at the Cistercian Abbey of Fossanova, where he died on March 7 of the same year (Chenu, 2021). According to Guzmán (n.d.), 50 years after his death, Thomas was canonized and recognized as one of the most fundamental thinkers of the Middle Ages. Reason and Faith Aquinas, recognized for his ability to distinguish between theological principles of faith and philosophical principles of reason, did not see them as contradictory but as sources of divine knowledge (Fairchild, 2019). He argued that humans could not attain true knowledge without God's assistance, who had the power to transform intellect into action (Guzmán, n.d.). However, humans could know parts of the world naturally without divine intervention. Thus, there were two components of true knowledge (Guzmán, n.d.). On one hand, truth is known through reason, i.e., through natural revelation. On the other hand, truth is known through faith, which corresponds to supernatural revelation. According to Guzmán (n.d.), the latter is accessible through sacred scripture and the teachings of prophets, while the former is related to human nature. On a different note, Guerri (n.d.) mentions that for Saint Thomas Aquinas, it was possible to find rational arguments for the existence of God, primarily by observing movement in the world as evidence of God; observing cause and effect and identifying God as the cause of everything; concluding that the ephemeral nature of beings proves the existence of a necessary being, that is, God, who arises only within Himself; discovering different levels of human perfection and realizing that, therefore, there must be a supreme and perfect being; knowing that natural beings cannot have intelligence unless God grants it. Free Will Aquinas, despite his background as a philosopher and theologian, significantly influenced psychology's ideas due to his emphasis on the importance of free will (Guerri n.d.). According to him, each individual possesses an immortal soul that transcends the natural world; it traverses the realm of matter without being part of it, thus escaping natural law and causes and effects. This perspective supports the certainty that people have control over their behavior, making genuine decisions as human beings. If free will is a reality, it is both terrifying and wonderful. On the one hand, it is frightening as it places a significant burden on individuals, making them responsible for all their actions. On the other hand, it is marvelous as it distinguishes humans from robots and objects. However, in line with Cajal (2018), the existence of free will is not contrary to the existence of God. Work Summa Contra Gentiles The text known as "Summa Contra Gentiles" is attributed to a period between the years 1260 and 1264, although there is some lack of consensus regarding the authenticity of this date (Cajal, 2018). Its purpose is generally interpreted as providing evidence to support the Catholic and Christian faith in hostile contexts. Within this work, carefully crafted arguments are presented with the specific aim of addressing the expressions of those who do not share this faith. It is argued that the book aims to support missionaries in their efforts to spread the word of God. According to Cajal (2018), these arguments could have been useful in disputes with Jews or Muslims, who were considered followers of Aristotelian philosophy. Summa Theologiae The Summa Theologica is a book that incorporates the teachings of Aristotle with the doctrines of early Christianity (Guerri s.f.). This book, written between the years 1265 and 1274, stands out as the most recognized theological essay of the Middle Ages and exerts a profound influence on Catholicism (Cajal, 2018). The main intention of this publication was not so much the defense of faith but rather to conceive it as a theological manual for teaching. Regarding its structure, a recurring pattern is observed (Cajal, 2018). It begins with a question that usually presents the opposing viewpoint, defended by Thomas. It then presents the arguments that, according to him, refute those presented at the beginning in the question, and then describes those that support his position. According to Cajal (2018), during the analysis, Thomas dedicated himself to expanding and conceiving his answers, and in the end, he addressed one by one all the arguments against the thesis. The book is divided into three parts, with the third being incomplete, as Saint Thomas Aquinas claimed in his later years that a revelation indicated that everything he had written up to that point was useless and senseless (Cajal, 2018). Despite not completing the third part, Cajal (2018) highlights that Saint Thomas Aquinas's disciples completed it on his behalf, thus complementing the various works created in his youth. Scriptum Super Quatuor Libris Sententiarum Magistri Petri Lombardi This is Thomas's first work, which translates to "Commentary on the Four Books of Sentences of Peter Lombard" (Cajal, 2018). It is estimated that this work was written between the years 1254 and 1259. In this publication, Thomas examines the work of the theologian Peter Lombard, which addresses the exclusive sacraments of the church. Some scholars argue the existence of significant differences between Thomas's content in these comments and its expression in his more impartial work, the Summa Theologica (Cajal, 2018). However, the fact that the Summa Theologica was not completed by Thomas Aquinas could explain the divergences in the dispute between the two works of the religious philosopher. According to Cajal (2018), other scholars of Thomas pointed out that this book constitutes concrete evidence of how his thinking evolved over time. Legacy His biography is extremely simple; it narrates little, but some modest journeys during a career entirely devoted to university life: in Paris, in the Roman Curia, in Paris again, and in Naples (Chenu, 2021). However, it would be a mistake to judge that his life was nothing more than the quiet life of a professional teacher oblivious to the social and political affairs of his time. The drama unfolding in his mind and religious life found its causes and produced its effects in the university. According to Chenu (2021), in these academic centers, all the ingredients of a rapidly developing civilization came together, and the Christian church, deliberately and authoritatively, compromised its doctrine and spirit. In this environment, he found the conditions for the elaboration of his work (Chenu, 2021). Not only did he have controversial opportunities to carry out his work, but also an immersive and penetrating spiritual environment necessary for his creation. It is in these contexts that it is possible today to discover the historical intelligibility of his work. Finally, in the year 1323, he was canonized as a saint and officially named a doctor of the church in 1567. Furthermore, he was proclaimed a protagonist of orthodoxy during the modernist crisis at the end of the 19th century. Despite this praise, the historical difficulties he faced in the 13th century during a radical theological renewal cannot be overlooked. This renewal, challenged at that time, was triggered by the social, cultural, and religious evolution of the West. According to Chenu (2021), he was at the heart of the doctrinal crisis that faced Christendom when the discovery of Greek science, culture, and thought seemed on the verge of crushing it. References Cajal, A. (2018). Santo Tomás de Aquino: Biografía, Filosofía, Aportes. Lifeder. Recuperado 10 August 2021, a partir de https://www.lifeder.com/aportaciones-santo-tomas-aquino/ Chenu, M. (2021). Saint Thomas Aquinas | Biography, Books, Natural Law, Summa Theologica, Saint, Philosophy, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. Recuperado 10 August 2021, a partir de https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas Fairchild, M. (2019). Biography of Thomas Aquinas, Doctor of the Angels. Learn Religions. Recuperado 11 August 2021, a partir de https://www.learnreligions.com/thomas-aquinas-4769163 Guerri, M. TOMÁS DE AQUINO (1225-1274). Psicoactiva. Recuperado 10 August 2021, a partir de https://www.psicoactiva.com/biografias/tomas-de-aquino/ Guzmán, G. Santo Tomás de Aquino: biografía de este filósofo y teólogo. Psicologiaymente.com. Recuperado 10 August 2021, a partir de https://psicologiaymente.com/biografias/santo-tomas-aquino Huffine, N. (2021). Thomas Aquinas. World History Encyclopedia. Recuperado 10 August 2021, a partir de https://www.worldhistory.org/Thomas_Aquinas/

In the current landscape, numerous individuals seek in meditation the key to finding internal serenity and balance (Kendziorra, 2023). Although meditation is commonly associated with Eastern cultures such as Buddhism and Hinduism, it is imperative to recognize the rich and varied history that underlies it, spanning various cultures and societies. By understanding the origins and diverse approaches to meditation, Kendziorra (2023) mentions that one can better appreciate its universal appeal and transformative power. Buddhist Meditation In the early days of Buddhism, the practice of smrti (sati) or mindfulness was encouraged, a discipline involving the development of full awareness of oneself and the surrounding environment, whether by adopting a special posture or during everyday activities (George Boeree, 2007). According to Kendziorra (2023), Buddhist meditation techniques such as mindfulness and loving-kindness are aimed at cultivating awareness, compassion, and detachment, seeking a deeper connection with the essence of existence. In the Theravada tradition, it is recounted that Buddha instructed about two main forms of meditation (Herrero, 2020). The first, known as Samatha, aims to achieve mental calm and tranquility, seeking a state of inner serenity (Herrero, 2020). The second, called Vipassana, translated as "perception" or "clear vision," involves a profound understanding of human suffering, impermanence, and the absence of ego (George Boeree, 2007). According to Kendziorra (2023), this meditation technique focuses on careful observation of breathing and bodily sensations to achieve a deeper understanding of reality and the intrinsic interconnectedness of all things. Hinduism and Meditation Hindu meditation inherits ancient knowledge, with roots in traditions, writings, and myths from remote times (Mithila Institute, 2016). Its guiding thread, standing out among various spiritual practices, is the "Devotion to the Lord," a mystical approach that permeates different purification and transcendence techniques associated with this form of meditation. When meditating in the Hindu style, an endless cycle of life is contemplated, with reincarnations that bring greater purification in each existence. According to the Mithila Institute (2016), the divine creation is perceived in pantheistic forms, emerging from a god, without defined beginnings or ends; the wheel of life is eternal, with repeated lives but in different contexts and with different people. The various Hindu meditative techniques encompass a wide range of practices, ranging from the resonance of mantras to concentration on deities or the contemplation of sacred symbols (Kendziorra, 2023). Among these practices, Kundalini meditation stands out, aiming primarily to awaken the latent spiritual energy residing in the body. In correspondence with Kendziorra (2023), this form of meditation involves the application of specific breathing techniques and visualization exercises to activate and increase Kundalini energy along the spine, thereby generating an upward process of transformation and spiritual connection. Taoism and Meditation Taoism, an ancient Chinese religion and philosophy dating back to the time of Lao Tzu, emphasizes living in harmony with nature or Tao (Martinez, 2016). The essence of Taoist meditation lies in its focus on the generation, transformation, and circulation of inner energy. The fundamental purpose is to achieve tranquility both at a physical and mental level, seeking the complete integration of the body with the spirit. This process, in turn, leads to the emergence of inner peace and harmony with the Tao. A notable practice in Taoist meditation is the so-called "inner alchemy," which involves visualizing the inside of the body and mind, including organs, Qi movements, and mental processes. Through this exercise, the meditator gradually delves into understanding the intrinsic wisdom of their own body. However, Martinez (2016) mentions that it is important to note that carrying out this practice requires specific instructions and the guidance of a skilled teacher. Christian Meditation Christian meditation is characterized, above all, by being a constant search (Navarro, 2020). It is a contemplative practice that aims to deepen the connection with God and establish a link with the inner divine presence (Kendziorra, 2023). It often involves silent prayer, reading sacred texts, and reflection on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ (Kendziorra, 2023). A well-known modality of Christian meditation is Lectio Divina, which translates to "divine reading" (Navarro, 2020). According to Kendziorra (2023), this ancient practice involves reading a passage from the Bible, reflecting on its meaning, and allowing the words to penetrate the heart and mind. Jewish Meditation In Judaism, meditation is considered a way to deepen the connection with God and enhance spiritual awareness (Kendziorra, 2023). The techniques employed in Jewish meditation encompass chanting, focused intention, contemplation of sacred texts, bodily movement, visualization, and silent awareness of the present moment (Schachter-Brooks, n.d.). It is noteworthy that this is not merely about dogmas, beliefs, ideas, or principles; rather, it stands as a discipline that, when cultivated, leads to inner freedom by awakening to what is happening in the present moment (Schachter-Brooks, n.d.). In correspondence with Kendziorra (2023), Kabbalistic meditation, which is a mystical branch of Judaism, integrates the use of visualization, breathing exercises, and contemplation of sacred symbols to experience divine presence and attain higher states of consciousness. Secular Meditation in the West As the countless benefits associated with meditation have been increasingly recognized, secular forms of this discipline have emerged in the Western world (Kendziorra, 2023). These modalities mostly adapt techniques from Eastern practices, aiming, however, to exclude their religious or spiritual components (Kendziorra, 2023). The crucial purpose of secular meditation is to calm the mind and achieve a state of inner serenity free from unnecessary anxieties (García, 2019). According to García (2019), this type of meditation has developed primarily in Western countries, where meditation is understood as a tool for improving self-control and self-awareness. In this form of meditation, individuals direct their attention to their breath, dedicating themselves to observing their thoughts and sensations without passing judgment on them (Kendziorra, 2023). Another traditional practice of secular meditation is Transcendental Meditation (TM), which is based on the use of mantras with the aim of achieving states of well-being similar to those experienced in Samatha Meditation (Herrero, 2020). According to Herrero (2020), this technique, which gained popularity, was disseminated in the 1960s by the spiritual leader Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Meditation Practices of Native Americans Native American tribes have, throughout their extensive history, engaged in meditation practices as a means of establishing a connection with nature, ancestors, and the spiritual realm (Kendziorra, 2023). These customs typically involve rituals, drums, and chants with the purpose of inducing altered states of consciousness and achieving a transcendental bond with the divine. In line with Kendziorra (2023), examples of these indigenous meditation practices include sweat lodge ceremonies, vision quests, and the use of sacred plants such as peyote, passed down from one generation to another. African Tribal Meditation Techniques The meditation practices in African tribal cultures have their own unique characteristics deeply rooted in their spiritual beliefs and traditions (Kendziorra, 2023). Drums, dances, and rhythmic movements are often employed to induce trance states and establish a connection with ancestral spirits. According to Kendziorra (2023), the San people of Southern Africa, for instance, engage in a form of meditation known as "trance dance," where the rhythmic act of dancing and singing immerses them in a heightened state of consciousness, allowing them to receive guidance from the spiritual realm. References García, A. (2019, marzo 6). Cómo Aprender a Meditar. unCOMO. https://www.mundodeportivo.com/uncomo/salud/articulo/como-aprender-a-meditar-49393.html George Boeree, C. (2007). Bases de la Meditación Budista (J. Silvestre, Trad.). Ship.edu. https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/basesdelameditacion.pdf Herrero, M. (2020, septiembre 16). Seis Técnicas de Meditación Budista (Y Tres no Nudista). Mariela Herrero; Mariela Herrero. https://marielaherrero.com/seis-tecnicas-meditacion-budista/ Instituto Mithila. (2016, noviembre 7). Meditación n.4: Diferentes Tradiciones, Meditación Hindú. Instituto Mithila. https://www.institutomithila.es/meditacion-noticias-4/ Kendziorra, E. (2023). Meditación a Través de las Culturas: Historia y Enfoques. Tomorrow.bio. https://www.tomorrow.bio/es/post/meditación-a-través-de-las-culturas-historia-y-enfoques-2023-08-4932246131-biohacking Martínez, C. (2016). Tipos de Meditación: ¿Qué es la Meditación taoísta y Cómo se Hace? Wordpress. https://bibliotecadeespiritualidadymeditacion.files.wordpress.com/2021/03/meditacion-taoista.pdf Navarro, M. (2020, mayo 8). Meditación Cristiana, ¿Qué es y Cómo Hacerla? Desde la Fe. https://desdelafe.mx/noticias/sabias-que/meditacion-cristiana-que-es-y-como-hacerla/ Schachter - Brooks, B.Y. (s.f). ¿Qué es la Meditación Judía Integral? Nodualidad.info. Recuperado el 11 de diciembre de 2023, de https://www.nodualidad.info/articulos/que-es-la-meditacion-judia-integral.html

In contemporary society, meditation is experiencing a notable boom, especially in Western regions (Ruz Comas, 2023). Since the 1960s, marked by the rise of the hippie movement that introduced and spread various techniques from Eastern spirituality in the context of a constantly changing and fast - paced globalized world, the philosophy and practice of meditation have been gaining an increasing number of followers. Now, as per Ruz Comas (2023), the essential question arises: what is the intrinsic origin of meditation? Between Gods and Mantras: Meditation in the Vedas From a historical perspective, the practice of meditation establishes a connection with India, dating back at least five thousand years, specifically linked to Hinduism (Fernandez, 2023). This connection is evident in ancient texts known as the Vedas, dating back to the second millennium BCE in the Indian subcontinent (Ruz Comas, 2023). These are religious texts conveying the contents of Hinduism, also known as "Sanatan Dharma," meaning "order" or "eternal path" (Mark, 2020). The term "veda" translates to "knowledge," as it is believed to contain knowledge related to the underlying cause, function, and response to existence (Mark, 2020). According to Fernandez (2023), the Vedas consist of four texts: the Rig - Veda, the oldest, with hymns for the gods; the Sāma-Veda, the book of chants and melodies; the Yajur - Veda, containing prose mantras for worshiping the gods, and the Atharva - Vorieda, the book with scriptures for daily life. Within these texts, meditation functions as a guiding thread that allows for transcendence, increased self - awareness, and working on the mind - body connection (Fernandez, 2023). From this perspective, everything originates in the Unity (the Sanskrit ekam), which then diversifies into the "deceptive" plurality observed in the world (Ruz Comas, 2023). This concept of primordial unity, along with the cosmic order governing all (the rita), forms the basis of the Vedas and, consequently, Hinduism. In these ancient writings, not only is there a presentation of the world and the cosmos, but also stories of gods and goddesses (as Hinduism is polytheistic), as well as specific historical events. Together, the Vedas represent a cosmogony and a comprehensive spiritual vision (Ruz Comas, 2023). Despite the Vedas documenting meditative practices, Estrada (2019) mentions that it is crucial to recognize that they were initially transmitted orally over centuries through narrative practices. Cosmic Consciousness: Vedas and Hindu Meditation The Vedas, considered the oldest texts addressing the concept of meditation, present an intricate approach: becoming aware of the endless cycle that is existence (Ruz Comas, 2023). In Hinduism, a dynamic view of reality is posited, where everything undergoes constant movement. What sets this religion apart from others, such as Christianity, is its belief in the eternity of cosmic actions. According to Ruz Comas (2023), while Christianity follows a more linear line, marked by the beginning with creation and the eventual conclusion with the second coming of Christ, Hinduism adopts an approach where nothing stops, and everything moves in a constant and inexhaustible wheel of cosmic events. This concept includes the belief in reincarnation (Ruz Comas, 2023). While Christianity upholds the uniqueness of the soul, to be judged in the afterlife after death, Hinduism, on the contrary, postulates that the human soul is immersed in a continuous cycle of reincarnation. Each life is perceived as a state of purification, carrying with it the accumulated karma from previous existences, i.e., the energy resulting from past actions. The next reincarnation will depend on how individuals behave in the current life and the karma they leave behind. In this sense, the original practice of Hindu meditation had the primary purpose of becoming aware of this endless cycle, often accompanied by practices such as fasting and abstinence. According to Ruz Comas (2023), the practice of meditation involved focusing the mind on a specific object and repeating the assigned mantra or sacred word. Sacred Contemplation Hindu meditation constituted a form of spiritual contemplation (Ruz Comas, 2023). In Vedic texts, specifically in dhyana, there are references that could be interpreted as "turning towards the mind." The purpose was to guide the mind towards the reality of the cosmos and delve into its workings. From this perspective, the distinction between this contemplation and the term "meditation" is highlighted. This term comes from the Latin meditatio, which can be understood as the act of thinking before undertaking an action. According to Ruz Comas (2023), the distinction is clear: while in the East, contemplation is spiritual, the Latin meditatio suggests a moderation of actions to adopt a prudent and reflective attitude. Under Eastern influence, which left a profound mark on Christianity and Judaism (and later on Islam), in the early centuries of the era, the conception of meditation in Europe emerged as something intrinsically linked to the sacred and the connection with God (Ruz Comas, 2023). In this period, the first hermits who chose to retreat to the desert or mountains in complete solitude did so with the explicit purpose of engaging in meditation, understood in the most "Eastern" sense of the word. Similarly, the first monks and nuns, gathering in caves or small hermitages, dedicated their lives to contemplation, maintaining this same spiritual orientation. According to Ruz Comas (2023), it is noteworthy that the monastic movement originated in the easternmost part of Europe, in close contact with Eastern religions. During the Middle Ages, meditation became fully associated with religion (Ruz Comas, 2023). Those who engaged in meditation directed their thoughts towards God and relied on sacred texts, whether the Bible, writings of various Church doctors, or even hagiographies or lives of saints. In correspondence with Ruz Comas (2023), it is observed that the medieval concept of meditation bears similarities to the practices developed in the East in the second millennium BCE. A Journey from Antiquity to Modern Science At the dawn of the contemporary world, this type of meditation experienced a decline in its popularity, possibly influenced by the radicalization of positivism and, above all, by the growth of societal capitalization (Ruz Comas, 2023). However, Ruz Comas (2023) mentions that in the 19th century, during the Romantic era, the concept of "contemplation" is found related to the connection between human beings and nature, in clear harmony with the ancient religious contemplation that sought to understand the workings of the cosmos. It was not until the 20th century that meditation became more prominent, especially in the United States when Swami Vivekananda explained what meditation is at the Parliament of Religions in Chicago (Estrada, 2019). This presentation sparked a new interest in Eastern models of spirituality, influencing various spiritual teachers from India to migrate to the United States, including Swami Rama of the Himalayan Institute, Paramahansa Yogananda of the Self - Realization Fellowship, and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi with his Transcendental Meditation practice. Alongside these teachers, spiritual representatives from various Buddhist schools also began to migrate, including individuals from the Zen school and the Theravada school. With their arrival in the West, Estrada (2019) notes that meditation gradually distanced itself from its religious connections and original teachings, adopting more Westernized forms. In the 1960s and 1970s, significant scientific research was conducted on the practice of meditation, further stripping it of its spiritual contexts and encouraging its adoption by anyone interested (Estrada, 2019). One of the pioneers in this field was Herbert Benson, who led some of the earliest studies in the West aimed at exploring in - depth the effects of meditation on mental and physiological outcomes. According to Estrada (2019), Benson not only conducted groundbreaking research but also documented his findings in a book titled "The Relaxation Response" in 1975 and founded the Mind Body Medical Institute that same year. By the late 1970s, Jon Kabat - Zinn discovered meditation during his studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, investigating potential health benefits. In 1979, he introduced his mindfulness - based stress reduction program (MBSR) and simultaneously founded the Stress Reduction Clinic. During this time, in correspondence with Estrada (2019), Transcendental Meditation was also gaining popularity, with many celebrities turning to the practice to manage fame, including The Beatles. During that period, many meditation techniques were linked to hippie culture and were not very mainstream (Estrada, 2019). It wasn't until the 1990s that this began to change. In 1993, Deepak Chopra released his book "Ageless Body, Timeless Mind," and in 1996, he appeared on Oprah, selling more than 137,000 copies in a single day. As more celebrities praised the practice of meditation in their lives, more books emerged on how and why to meditate. During the 1990s, mindfulness also gained applications. According to Estrada (2019), Williams, Teasdale, and Seagal (1995) expanded Jon Kabat - Zinn's program to be positively used with individuals suffering from depression and anxiety. The Mindfulness - Based Cognitive Therapy approach merged mindfulness with cognitive - behavioral therapy, with excellent results (Estrada, 2019). The Mindfulness - Based Cognitive Therapy approach was endorsed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the UK and is considered a treatment of choice for depression. By 2012, there were over 700 mindfulness - based programs worldwide, and Kabat - Zinn's original program was a major focus of meditation research. Today, research and medical science communities continue to explore the benefits of meditation, with studies demonstrating its positive effects on various conditions (Estrada, 2019). Furthermore, the benefits of regular practice, such as stress relief, anxiety reduction, and improved sleep, have been widely disseminated (Fernandez, 2023). According to Fernandez (2013), dedicating time to this practice is also considered a way to safeguard mental health and well - being. References Estrada, W. (2019, julio 30). ¿Qué es la Meditación? Conoce su Historia y su Origen. Gran Hermandad Blanca. https://hermandadblanca.org/que-es-la-meditacion-conoce-su-historia-y-su-origen-es-extraordinario/ Fernandez, A. M. (14 de julio de 2023). Definición de Meditación. Definicion.com. https://definicion.com/meditacion/ Mark, J.J. (2020). Los Vedas (D. Villa Caballero, Trad.). Enciclopedia de la Historia del Mundo. https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-11715/los-vedas/ Ruz Comas, S. (2023, abril 24). ¿Cuáles son los Orígenes de la Meditación? Psicología y Mente. https://psicologiaymente.com/meditacion/origenes-de-la-meditacion

When addressing the topic of meditation, various ways of practicing it can be explored with the aim of achieving specific mental states (Cengiz, 2020). Some people envision it with the classic lotus posture in total silence, while others imagine it accompanied by relaxing music. Meditation, present in various cultures, employs different techniques to induce the meditative state. Throughout the centuries, these teachings have been passed down from generation to generation, and although there is abundant literature on the subject today, questions about its concept persist. Meditation, in accordance with Cengiz (2020), is a highly subjective notion, and there are divergent perspectives on its real meaning. What is Meditation? In the beginning, the purpose of meditation was to help individuals deepen their understanding of the sacred and mystical forces in life (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Today, meditation has evolved and commonly become a tool used for relaxation and stress reduction (Mayo Clinic, 2022). It is considered a type of complementary medicine aimed at regulating the body and mind towards a state of profound relaxation (Aguilar, 2020; Mayo Clinic, 2022). According to Aguilar (2020), meditation is experienced as a state of consciousness in which thoughts are observed without actively participating in them, feelings are perceived without emotional involvement, and any cognitive, sensory, emotional, physiological, or behavioral content is passively contemplated, simply allowing it without issuing responses. Instead of pushing away or avoiding thoughts and getting frustrated when confronted with a thought, one can begin by observing it with awareness, being a witness without getting too involved (Cengiz, 2020). Meditation, in this sense, is akin to being a spectator of one's own thoughts. The scenarios created in the mind can be draining, as the future is full of infinite possibilities, and it makes no sense to live in incidents of the past over which one has no control. By practicing meditation, one seeks the small gaps between thoughts, spaces to rest. With practice, in line with Cengiz (2020), these spaces can be noticed and embraced, enhancing the ability to observe thoughts, similar to exercising a muscle in the body. Although meditation is commonly referred to as a technique, it does not simply refer to the procedure or technique used; it encompasses the state of consciousness reached by ceasing to think (Aguilar, 2020). Meditation can be considered a technique only as long as the practitioner has not reached that meditative state of consciousness. However, according to Aguilar (2020), once achieved and understood, it can be voluntarily induced, making the technique no longer necessary in itself. Types of Meditation Meditation is a practice that, in general terms, is characterized by encompassing various forms aimed at achieving a state of relaxation (Mayo Clinic, 2022). In the vast spectrum of approaches that exist, multiple types and relaxation techniques can be identified, all of which incorporate elements inherent to meditation. According to Mayo Clinic (2022), each of these practices, although diverse in their methods, shares the goal of achieving inner peace. Buddhist Meditation Currently, various variants of meditation are observed, with this practice being fundamental in Buddhist philosophy and a key reference for those following this tradition (Ramos, 2021). The goal is to achieve harmony both physically and mentally, seeking a state of tranquility and relaxation conducive to the development of knowledge and intuition. It involves mindful attention to the present, avoiding distractions related to the past or future. In its religious or philosophical context, it is conceived as a transformative practice, contributing to personal and social evolution. For over half a century, it has become a way of life for millions of people in the West, transcending the barriers of religious beliefs. Contrary to stereotypes, its purpose is not to disconnect from external reality but to achieve a harmonious balance with it, maintaining full awareness and serenity. According to Ramos (2021), posture, breathing, attitude, attention, and thought are essential aspects of these ancient techniques. Guided Meditation Sometimes, this meditation approach is known as "guided imagery" or "visualization"; mental images of places or situations that have a relaxing effect are created (Mayo Clinic, 2022). The recommendation is to involve as many senses as possible, including smells, visual images, sounds, and textures. According to Mayo Clinic (2022), a guide or instructor can accompany the practitioner throughout this process, providing guidance and support. Mantra Meditation In this meditation approach, the silent repetition of a word, thought, or phrase with calming properties is practiced, with the primary goal of avoiding mental distractions (Mayo Clinic, 2022). For this reason, and similar to other forms of meditation, a quiet place, relaxed breathing, and a comfortable posture are needed to carry it out (Pato, 2022). The term "mantra" originates from the fusion of two Sanskrit words: "man," meaning mind, and "tra," encompassing concepts like vibration, projection, or protection. Undoubtedly, according to Pato (2022), the most well-known mantra of all is the "Om" mantra. Mindfulness Meditation The practice, in its essence, can be considered a contemporary and secular manifestation of Buddhist meditation techniques rooted in Western tradition (Ramos, 2021). Despite this connection, nuances suggest a mystical or spiritual connotation in the approach to this practice (Ramos, 2021). The fundamental essence of this form of meditation lies in the ability to be completely present and fully embrace the current moment, without succumbing to mental distractions or wandering (Mayo Clinic, 2022). By immersing oneself in the practice of mindfulness, an expansion of conscious perception is achieved, allowing a deeper connection with the surrounding reality. The concentration focus is directed towards immediate sensations, such as the act of breathing, becoming the epicenter of the meditative experience. According to Mayo Clinic (2022), this approach allows the observation of thoughts and emotions without the need for value judgments. Zen Meditation Zen meditation, of Buddhist origin, is extensively practiced in Asia and has many followers in the Western world (Ramos, 2021). This variant distinguishes itself from the more traditional form by its desire to discard anything superfluous or unnecessary in the pursuit of the coveted state of "balance." From its perspective, the non-essential is perceived as an obstacle to attention and full awareness in the present moment. According to Ramos (2021), it particularly focuses on the control and well-being of the body as means to achieve its goals. Qi Gong This approach is an integral part of traditional Chinese medicine (Mayo Clinic, 2022). The practice of Qi Gong, in general terms, merges meditation, relaxation, physical activity, and breathing exercises with the purpose of restoring and preserving balance (Mayo Clinic, 2022). According to Chacón (2021), the fundamental purpose of "Qi Gong" is to infuse the body with vital energy, known as "Chi" or "Qi," which circulates continuously and circularly throughout the body, without stagnation, thus contributing to maintaining good health. Tai Chi Tai Chi is recognized as a form of training in a gentle Chinese martial art (Mayo Clinic, 2022). In this discipline, a series of postures and movements are executed at their own pace, adopting a slow and graceful approach, accompanied by deep breathing practice (Mayo Clinic, 2022). According to Kuzma (2023), various studies support the idea that regular Tai Chi practice can play a significant role in improving balance and mobility, even in individuals affected by neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Yoga In yoga, a sequence of postures and controlled breathing exercises is performed to promote body flexibility and mental tranquility (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Mayo Clinic (2022) mentions that by practicing postures that demand balance and concentration, there is an invitation to shift attention away from daily occupations and direct it more towards the present. Elements of Meditation Diverse styles of meditation encompass a variety of components with the purpose of optimizing the experience during the practice of this discipline (Mayo Clinic, 2022). According to Mayo Clinic (2022), the presence and integration of these elements within the meditative context can undergo alterations and substantial modifications, influenced by the idiosyncrasy of the person serving as a guide or instructor in the meditation class. Focusing Attention Focusing attention is often considered one of the fundamental aspects during the practice of meditation (Mayo Clinic, 2022). This specific focus plays a significant role in actively contributing to the task of freeing the mind from various distractions that are prone to generate stress and concerns in the individual participating in meditation. According to Mayo Clinic (2022), concentration can be directed towards different elements, such as a specific object that captures attention, a visually suggestive image, the repetition of a specific mantra, or even focusing on the process of breathing itself. Relaxed Breathing The technique involves deep and even breathing, using the diaphragm muscle, which plays a fundamental role in expanding the lungs (Mayo Clinic, 2022). According to Mayo Clinic (2022), the goal is to slow down breathing, increase oxygen intake, and reduce the use of the muscles in the shoulders, neck, and upper chest during breathing, with the purpose of achieving more efficient breathing. Quiet Place For someone starting with the practice of meditation, it is easier to carry out this exercise in an environment characterized by tranquility, free from distractions such as television, radio, or the mobile phone (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Mayo Clinic (2022) mentions that, as one gains more skill in meditation, it is possible to expand the practice to different places, even in situations marked by high tension, such as in the middle of traffic congestion, during a stressful work meeting, or while waiting in a long supermarket queue, circumstances in which the benefits of meditation can become clearer. Comfortable Position Meditation can be practiced in various ways, whether sitting, lying down, walking, or even during other activities (Mayo Clinic, 2022). It is important to seek comfort to make the most of the experience. In accordance with Mayo Clinic (2022), during meditation, maintaining an appropriate posture is recommended to ensure effective practice. How to Learn to Meditate? Choosing the Technique The term "meditation" encompasses a variety of techniques (Montes Maroto, 2019). In this sense, it is imperative to experiment with multiple techniques until identifying the one that best suits individual needs. Simultaneously, it is crucial to conduct thorough research on the origin and credentials associated with each technique, as well as the instructor who imparts it. Especially for those in the early stages of their practice, following a recorded guide proves to be a particularly beneficial tool. This recorded guide provides the necessary structure and guidance for understanding and effectively applying the technique. According to Montes Maroto (2019), only when the instructions have been fully internalized is it advisable to dispense with the auditory component, as its persistence could turn from an aid into an obstructive element in the meditative process. Finding a Place and Time for Practice The key to success in meditation lies in consistency: meditating for 15 minutes every day proves to be more effective than having a three-hour session weekly (Montes Maroto, 2019). Therefore, it is essential to establish optimal conditions for practice. Two elements are indispensable: a quiet place with no distractions and a time of day that easily fits into the meditation routine. The space can be a corner of the room or in the car. However, Montes Maroto (2019) mentions that, as beginners, the primary focus is to establish the habit of meditating daily at a convenient time; the practice of early morning meditation can be considered later. Adopting a Comfortable Posture The foundation of meditation lies in adopting a comfortable and upright posture (Montes Maroto, 2019). The goal is to immerse oneself in the practice, freeing oneself from bodily concerns during its duration. It is not necessary to adopt complicated postures; simply sitting in a chair, on a stool, or on a meditation cushion is sufficient. Then, place your hands on your knees, slightly stretch the neck by lifting the chin, and close your eyes. Thus, according to Montes Maroto (2019), one is ready to begin meditation. Relaxation If the posture constitutes the foundations of the practice, physical relaxation becomes the cement that sustains it (Montes Maroto, 2019). One cannot meditate with a tense body, as instead of staying focused, there is a risk of getting distracted by that discomfort. The solution is simple: spend a few minutes relaxing before meditating. For this, activities like yoga, swimming, or other physical exercises can be done, or simply take a few minutes to breathe deeply. Once the person feels comfortable, they are ready to play the guided meditation audio. According to Montes Maroto (2019), this approach ensures a solid foundation for the meditative practice, where posture and physical relaxation harmoniously intertwine. Meditating From this point, you should follow the instructions provided in the audio, but there are some suggestions that will facilitate the practice (Montes Maroto, 2019). Each time attention drifts (a normal and inevitable phenomenon), it is recommended to redirect it kindly. This approach not only improves concentration but also how difficulties are faced. In case of feeling overwhelmed or dizzy (unlikely but possible circumstances), it is advised to breathe deeply, calmly open the eyes, and start moving slowly. The goal is not to generate discomfort but to train the mind. It is recommended to remain still during meditation. Although it may initially be uncomfortable, in the long run, it contributes to improving concentration. Additionally, it is suggested to free oneself from expectations associated with what constitutes "good" or "bad" meditation. According to Montes Maroto (2019), each session is unique, and it is crucial to do it daily and to the best of one's ability. Integrating Meditation into Life The secret to progressing in the practice lies in integrating meditation into everyday life (Montes Maroto, 2019). For example, by developing mindfulness in the present, integration involves maintaining that state during activities such as exercising, chatting with a friend, walking the dog, cooking and eating, working, and spending time with a partner. According to Montes Maroto (2019), this fusion allows the benefits of training to extend from seated meditation to permeate the entire day. Deepening Over time, not only will the benefits of meditation be experienced, but questions will also arise: How to overcome the obstacles of practice? What to do with confusing experiences? Is it beneficial to change meditation after practicing one for months? Or how to maintain motivation to meditate daily? At this point, deepening becomes crucial (Montes Maroto, 2019). Although most cities have yoga, Buddhism, and meditation centers, caution must be taken when committing to one. It is essential to ensure the reliability of the teacher in charge, as there are numerous unreliable sellers in this field. Genuine teachers are valuable, and some criteria for evaluating them include their credentials, years of experience, reviews from other students, endorsement from a genuine tradition, and that their lifestyle aligns with what they teach. According to Montes Maroto (2019), it is also possible to participate in online courses from home. References Aguilar, G. (2020, noviembre 10). ¿Qué es la Meditación sus Formas y Para qué Sirve? Instituto Salamanca. https://institutosalamanca.com/blog/que-es-la-meditacion-sus-formas-y-para-que-sirve/ Cengiz, H. (2020, agosto 18). ¿Qué es y Qué no es la Meditación? Meditopia. https://blog.meditopia.com/es/que-es-y-que-no-es-la-meditacion/ Chacón, M. (2021, diciembre 1). “Qi Gong”: los 3 ejercicios orientales antiedad que mejoran tu vida. Hola.com. https://www.hola.com/belleza/caraycuerpo/20211201200502/qi-gong-ejercicios-antiedad-salud-vitalidad/ Kuzma, C. (2023, julio 15). La Fuerza Silenciosa y Sanadora del Taichí. The New York times. https://www.nytimes.com/es/2023/07/15/espanol/ejercicios-simples-taichi.html Mayo Clinic. (2022, abril 29). Meditación: Una Manera Simple y Rápida de Reducir el Estrés. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/es/tests-procedures/meditation/in-depth/meditation/art-20045858 Montes Maroto, G. (2019, noviembre 23). Cómo Aprender a Meditar (Y por qué Deberías Empezar hoy Mismo). El Confidencial. https://www.elconfidencial.com/alma-corazon-vida/2019-11-23/aprender-meditar-deberias-empezar-hoy_2346775/ Pato, S. (2022, febrero 2). 7 Mantras que te Ayudarán a Meditar. Público. https://www.publico.es/psicologia-y-mente/7-mantras-que-te-ayudaran-a-meditar/ Ramos, M. (2021, mayo 8). Los diferentes tipos de meditación. Público. https://www.publico.es/psicologia-y-mente/los-diferentes-tipos-de-meditacion/